-
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2022Juvenile hallux valgus is one of the most common pathologies of the forefoot in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, its treatment is still controversial. This... (Review)
Review
Juvenile hallux valgus is one of the most common pathologies of the forefoot in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, its treatment is still controversial. This deformity has some distinct anatomical features, particularly a lateral tilt of the articular facet of the head of the first metatarsal and congenital metatarsus adductus, which often occur in combination. Some mediocre surgical treatment results can be explained by the lack of correction of all these factors when we approach the problem as we would in adults. A double osteotomy to correct the DMAA and varus of the first metatarsal is a good solution in most cases with satisfactory functional outcomes. A percutaneous approach seems efficient in the pediatric population, given that the periosteum and growth plates, which are very active in younger children, help the osteotomies to heal and remodel. Guided growth surgery - using this approach is a viable alternative in this age bracket. Finally, minimally invasive surgery for juvenile hallux valgus allows another surgery to be done on minimally or undamaged tissues if needed later on.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Foot; Growth Plate; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Osteotomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34871795
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.103168 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2020Congenital pathologies of the forefoot encompass two broad entities with vastly different treatments and prognosis: malformations, which occur during the embryonic... (Review)
Review
Congenital pathologies of the forefoot encompass two broad entities with vastly different treatments and prognosis: malformations, which occur during the embryonic period and cause anatomical defects, and deformations, which occur during the fetal period on a foot that is configured normally. These deformities are more easily cured when they occur later during the fetal period. When the anomaly is bilateral, a genetic origin must be considered. There are two main entities under the term "deformity": metatarsus adductus and skewfoot (aka "Z"-foot or serpentine foot). Within malformations are brachydactyly (transverse defects), longitudinal defects, syndactyly, polydactyly, clinodactyly and macrodactyly. Among other forefoot abnormalities are hallux valgus, which rarely presents in congenital form, and for which conservative treatment is sometimes sufficient. Also in this group are sequelae of amniotic band constriction, forefoot anomalies secondary to the treatment of congenital pathologies (talipes equinovarus and congenital vertical talus) and nail-related pathologies (ingrown toe nail and incorrect nail position).
Topics: Child; Foot Deformities, Congenital; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Metatarsal Bones; Radiography
PubMed: 31648997
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.03.021 -
Frontiers in Surgery 2022In recent years, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hallux valgus has emerged and gained popularity. To date, evidence on the benefits of MIS for hallux valgus is...
PURPOSE
In recent years, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hallux valgus has emerged and gained popularity. To date, evidence on the benefits of MIS for hallux valgus is still controversial. This updated meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the efficiency of MIS vs. open surgery for hallux valgus.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction and analyzed data with R software. Data were presented with risk ratio (RR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) along with 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
A total of 22 studies in which there were 790 ft treated with the MIS procedure and 838 ft treated with an open procedure were included. The correction of sesamoid position was better in the MIS group. The post-operative distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) of the MIS group was lower. There was less pain at the early phase in the MIS group. The MIS group had a shorter surgery time and shorter hospitalization time compared with the open group. Our meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in hallux valgus angle (HVA), first intermetatarsal angle (IMA), the first metatarsal shortening, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score at the final follow-up or complication rate (when all studies were considered). When taking into consideration only randomized controlled trial (RCT), the AOFAS score was higher in the MIS group while HVA, IMA, DMAA, and complication rate remained no significance. Post-operative IMA of the MIS group was significantly lower when only studies reporting the second-generation (2G) MIS were included. When just studies adopting the third-generation (3G) MIS were included, the HVA and DMAA were lower in the MIS group.
CONCLUSION
The MIS procedures were more effective than open surgeries in the treatment of hallux valgus. Moreover, the MIS group achieved better radiologic and clinical outcomes compared with the open group.
PubMed: 35388365
DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.843410 -
Foot and Ankle Clinics Mar 2020Hallux valgus is an extremely common and often disabling deformity. In addition to valgus deformity of the hallux, varying degrees of varus and supination of the first... (Review)
Review
Hallux valgus is an extremely common and often disabling deformity. In addition to valgus deformity of the hallux, varying degrees of varus and supination of the first metatarsal and instability in the metatarsophalangeal and metatarsocuneiform joints are frequently present. Because of the complexity and multiplicity of deformities, surgical techniques and fixation methods continue to be developed to obtain better results. Recent studies have focused on correcting pronation of the first metatarsal as a way of correcting and equalizing the metatarsal sesamoid bones in a more horizontal and stable position, possibly minimizing the chance of recurrence of the deformity.
Topics: Fracture Fixation, Internal; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Osteotomy
PubMed: 31997750
DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2019.10.006 -
Foot and Ankle Clinics Jun 2021Whereas tenderness, ecchymosis, and swelling over the deltoid ligament have relatively poor sensitivity, resulting valgus and pronation deformity that is seen to... (Review)
Review
Whereas tenderness, ecchymosis, and swelling over the deltoid ligament have relatively poor sensitivity, resulting valgus and pronation deformity that is seen to disappear when the patient is asked to activate the posterior tibial muscle or to go in tiptoe position is the hallmark for the presence of medial ankle instability. A pain on palpation at anteromedial edge of the ankle confirms the diagnosis. Various stress tests permit to confirm and specify the injury pattern. A pseudo hallux rigidus is the consequence of a hyperactivity of flexor hallucis longus muscle to protect the foot against the valgus and pronation deformity.
Topics: Ankle; Ankle Joint; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Joint Instability; Pronation
PubMed: 33990253
DOI: 10.1016/j.fcl.2021.03.004 -
Instructional Course Lectures 2020The management of bunion deformities in adolescent patients is often a source of consternation for orthopaedic surgeons. Reports of recurrence and surgical failure along...
The management of bunion deformities in adolescent patients is often a source of consternation for orthopaedic surgeons. Reports of recurrence and surgical failure along with a multitude of procedures to choose from create a wariness to manage the problem surgically. The biggest challenge in managing this problem is a lack of understanding by orthopaedic surgeons that adolescent bunions and adult bunions frequently arise from two distinct etiologies. The main difference between the two is that unlike adult bunion deformities, the hallux metatarsophalangeal joint in the adolescent bunion is congruent as the deformity is caused by a dysplasia of the metatarsal head. This dysplasia results in a valgus orientation of the first metatarsal articular surface (ie, elevated DMAA [distal metatarsal articular angle]). The recognition of this difference has implications for the evaluation and treatment of these deformities in adolescents.
Topics: Adolescent; Bunion; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsophalangeal Joint; Osteotomy
PubMed: 32017738
DOI: No ID Found -
EFORT Open Reviews Jun 2021There is some confusion in the terminology used when referring to MIS (Minimal invasive surgery) or percutaneous surgery. The correct term to describe these procedures... (Review)
Review
There is some confusion in the terminology used when referring to MIS (Minimal invasive surgery) or percutaneous surgery. The correct term to describe these procedures should be percutaneous (made through the skin) and MIS should be reserved for procedures whose extent is between percutaneous and open surgery (e.g. osteosynthesis). Minimal incision surgery may be distinguished in first, second and third generation minimal incision surgery techniques.First generation MIS hallux valgus surgery is mainly connected with the Isham procedure; an intraarticular oblique and incomplete osteotomy of the head of the first metatarsal without fixation.The Bösch osteotomy and the SERI are classified as second generation MIS hallux surgery. They are both transverse subcapital osteotomies fixed with a percutaneous medial K-wire inserted into the medullary canal. For all these procedures, intraoperative fluoroscopic control is necessary.Open hallux valgus surgery can be divided into proximal, diaphyseal and distal osteotomies of the first metatarsal. Reviewing the available literature suggests minimally invasive and percutaneous hallux valgus correction leads to similar clinical and radiological results to those for open chevron or SCARF osteotomies. First generation minimally invasive techniques are primarily recommended for minor deformities. In second generation minimally invasive hallux valgus surgery, up to 61% malunion of the metatarsal head is reported. Once surgeons are past the learning curve, third generation minimally invasive chevron osteotomies can present similar clinical and radiological outcomes to open surgeries. Specific cadaveric training is mandatory for any surgeon considering performing minimally invasive surgical techniques. Cite this article: 2021;6:432-438. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210029.
PubMed: 34267933
DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.6.210029 -
Foot & Ankle International May 2022Failure to identify and correct malrotation of the first metatarsal may lead to recurrent hallux valgus deformity. We aimed to identify the proportion of hallux valgus...
BACKGROUND
Failure to identify and correct malrotation of the first metatarsal may lead to recurrent hallux valgus deformity. We aimed to identify the proportion of hallux valgus patients with increased first metatarsal pronation using weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) and to identify the relationship with conventional radiographic measurements.
METHODS
WBCT scans were analyzed for 102 feet with a hallux valgus angle (HVA) and intermetatarsal angle (IMA) greater than or equal to 16 and 9 degrees, respectively. Metatarsal pronation angle (MPA), alpha angle, sesamoid rotation angle (SRA), and sesamoid position were measured on standardized coronal WBCT slices. Pronation was recorded as positive. Hindfoot alignment angle (HAA) was assessed using dedicated software. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were used to assess differences between groups.
RESULTS
Mean HVA was 29.8±9.4 degrees and mean IMA was 14.1±3.7 degrees. Mean MPA was 11.9±5.8 (range 0-26) degrees and mean alpha angle was 11.9±6.8 (range -3 to 29) degrees. In a previous study, we demonstrated the upper limit of normal MPA as 16 degrees and alpha angle as 18 degrees. Based on these criteria, we identified abnormal metatarsal pronation in 32 feet (31.4%). We found a strong positive correlation between SRA and HVA/IMA ( = 0.67/0.60, respectively, < .001). IMA and HAA weakly correlated with MPA and alpha angle (IMA: = 0.26/0.27, respectively, < .01; HAA: = 0.26/0.27, respectively, < .01). Regression analyses suggested that increasing IMA was the most significant radiographic predictor of increased pronation. In this cohort, there was no correlation between HVA or sesamoid position and MPA / alpha angle (HVA: = .36/.12, respectively, sesamoid position, = .86/.77, respectively).
CONCLUSION
In this cohort of 102 feet that met plain radiographic criteria for hallux valgus deformity, first metatarsal pronation was found abnormal in 31.4% of patients. We found a weak association between the IMA and hindfoot valgus, but not the HVA.
Topics: Bunion; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Retrospective Studies; Rotation
PubMed: 35135368
DOI: 10.1177/10711007211064609 -
Foot & Ankle International Apr 2021Rotation of the first metatarsal (M1) as a potential etiological factor of hallux valgus (HV) deformity was described relatively early in the description of HV... (Review)
Review
Rotation of the first metatarsal (M1) as a potential etiological factor of hallux valgus (HV) deformity was described relatively early in the description of HV pathoanatomy. However, because biplanar radiographs have been the standard method for imaging HV, clinicians primarily developed measurement methods and corrective operations confined to 2 dimensions, medial-lateral and inferior-superior. Recently, as our understanding of HV pathoanatomy has further developed, aided in part by advanced imaging technology, M1 rotation about its axis ("axial rotation") and its implications for HV deformity and treatment has reemerged. The goal of this review is to summarize M1 rotation in HV from a historical perspective, to present the current understanding of its potential role in the etiology/pathogenesis of HV, and to summarize relevant imaging and operative considerations with respect to M1 rotation. Level III, systematic review.
Topics: Bunion; Hallux; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Rotation
PubMed: 33764800
DOI: 10.1177/1071100721997149