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Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine May 2019Forefoot disorders are often seen in clinical practice. Forefoot deformity and pain can deteriorate gait function and decrease quality of life. This review presents... (Review)
Review
Forefoot disorders are often seen in clinical practice. Forefoot deformity and pain can deteriorate gait function and decrease quality of life. This review presents common forefoot disorders and conservative treatment using an insole or orthosis. Metatarsalgia is a painful foot condition affecting the metatarsal (MT) region of the foot. A MT pad, MT bar, or forefoot cushion can be used to alleviate MT pain. Hallux valgus is a deformity characterized by medial deviation of the first MT and lateral deviation of the hallux. A toe spreader, valgus splint, and bunion shield are commonly applied to patients with hallux valgus. Hallux limitus and hallux rigidus refer to painful limitations of dorsiflexion of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. A kinetic wedge foot orthosis or rocker sole can help relieve symptoms from hallux limitus or rigidus. Hammer, claw, and mallet toes are sagittal plane deformities of the lesser toes. Toe sleeve or padding can be applied over high-pressure areas in the proximal or distal interphalangeal joints or under the MT heads. An MT off-loading insole can also be used to alleviate symptoms following lesser toe deformities. Morton's neuroma is a benign neuroma of an intermetatarsal plantar nerve that leads to a painful condition affecting the MT area. The MT bar, the plantar pad, or a more cushioned insole would be useful. In addition, patients with any of the above various forefoot disorders should avoid tight-fitting or high-heeled shoes. Applying an insole or orthosis and wearing proper shoes can be beneficial for managing forefoot disorders.
PubMed: 31620619
DOI: 10.12701/yujm.2019.00185 -
Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics Apr 2019Hallux valgus is a common condition that results from a complex positional deformity of the first ray. The bunion or medial prominence that results from the lateral... (Review)
Review
Hallux valgus is a common condition that results from a complex positional deformity of the first ray. The bunion or medial prominence that results from the lateral deviation and pronation of the hallux is only one component of the 3-dimensional deformity. Hallux valgus can lead to considerable pain and altered joint mechanics. The precise biomechanical etiology remains under debate. Predisposing factors include female sex, age, constricting footwear, and family history. Metatarsus adductus, equinus contracture, hammertoe deformity, and pes planus often coexist with hallux valgus. Nonoperative treatment involves patient education, shoe modifications, toe pads and positioning devices, and activity modifications. Surgery is considered in patients who fail nonoperative treatment with the goal of pain relief, correction of the deformity, improved first ray stability, and improved quality of life. More than 100 different procedures have been described to treat hallux valgus; they include combinations of soft tissue balancing, metatarsal osteotomies, and fusion of either the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) or tarsometatarsal (TMT) joint. The choice of procedures depends on the severity and location of the deformity as well as surgeon preference. Recent advances in operative techniques include minimally invasive surgery and correction of rotational deformity.
PubMed: 35097321
DOI: 10.1177/2473011419838500 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2022Juvenile hallux valgus is one of the most common pathologies of the forefoot in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, its treatment is still controversial. This... (Review)
Review
Juvenile hallux valgus is one of the most common pathologies of the forefoot in children and adolescents. Nevertheless, its treatment is still controversial. This deformity has some distinct anatomical features, particularly a lateral tilt of the articular facet of the head of the first metatarsal and congenital metatarsus adductus, which often occur in combination. Some mediocre surgical treatment results can be explained by the lack of correction of all these factors when we approach the problem as we would in adults. A double osteotomy to correct the DMAA and varus of the first metatarsal is a good solution in most cases with satisfactory functional outcomes. A percutaneous approach seems efficient in the pediatric population, given that the periosteum and growth plates, which are very active in younger children, help the osteotomies to heal and remodel. Guided growth surgery - using this approach is a viable alternative in this age bracket. Finally, minimally invasive surgery for juvenile hallux valgus allows another surgery to be done on minimally or undamaged tissues if needed later on.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Foot; Growth Plate; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Osteotomy; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 34871795
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2021.103168 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2020Congenital pathologies of the forefoot encompass two broad entities with vastly different treatments and prognosis: malformations, which occur during the embryonic... (Review)
Review
Congenital pathologies of the forefoot encompass two broad entities with vastly different treatments and prognosis: malformations, which occur during the embryonic period and cause anatomical defects, and deformations, which occur during the fetal period on a foot that is configured normally. These deformities are more easily cured when they occur later during the fetal period. When the anomaly is bilateral, a genetic origin must be considered. There are two main entities under the term "deformity": metatarsus adductus and skewfoot (aka "Z"-foot or serpentine foot). Within malformations are brachydactyly (transverse defects), longitudinal defects, syndactyly, polydactyly, clinodactyly and macrodactyly. Among other forefoot abnormalities are hallux valgus, which rarely presents in congenital form, and for which conservative treatment is sometimes sufficient. Also in this group are sequelae of amniotic band constriction, forefoot anomalies secondary to the treatment of congenital pathologies (talipes equinovarus and congenital vertical talus) and nail-related pathologies (ingrown toe nail and incorrect nail position).
Topics: Child; Foot Deformities, Congenital; Global Health; Humans; Incidence; Metatarsal Bones; Radiography
PubMed: 31648997
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2019.03.021 -
Frontiers in Surgery 2022In recent years, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hallux valgus has emerged and gained popularity. To date, evidence on the benefits of MIS for hallux valgus is...
PURPOSE
In recent years, minimally invasive surgery (MIS) for hallux valgus has emerged and gained popularity. To date, evidence on the benefits of MIS for hallux valgus is still controversial. This updated meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the efficiency of MIS vs. open surgery for hallux valgus.
METHODS
A systematic literature search of PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was performed. Two independent reviewers conducted data extraction and analyzed data with R software. Data were presented with risk ratio (RR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) along with 95% confidence interval (CI).
RESULTS
A total of 22 studies in which there were 790 ft treated with the MIS procedure and 838 ft treated with an open procedure were included. The correction of sesamoid position was better in the MIS group. The post-operative distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA) of the MIS group was lower. There was less pain at the early phase in the MIS group. The MIS group had a shorter surgery time and shorter hospitalization time compared with the open group. Our meta-analysis revealed no statistically significant difference in hallux valgus angle (HVA), first intermetatarsal angle (IMA), the first metatarsal shortening, the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, visual analog scale (VAS) score at the final follow-up or complication rate (when all studies were considered). When taking into consideration only randomized controlled trial (RCT), the AOFAS score was higher in the MIS group while HVA, IMA, DMAA, and complication rate remained no significance. Post-operative IMA of the MIS group was significantly lower when only studies reporting the second-generation (2G) MIS were included. When just studies adopting the third-generation (3G) MIS were included, the HVA and DMAA were lower in the MIS group.
CONCLUSION
The MIS procedures were more effective than open surgeries in the treatment of hallux valgus. Moreover, the MIS group achieved better radiologic and clinical outcomes compared with the open group.
PubMed: 35388365
DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.843410 -
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery &... Feb 2014Percutaneous methods can be used to perform many surgical procedures on the soft tissues and bones of the forefoot, thereby providing treatment options for all the... (Review)
Review
Percutaneous methods can be used to perform many surgical procedures on the soft tissues and bones of the forefoot, thereby providing treatment options for all the disorders and deformities seen at this site. Theoretical advantages of percutaneous surgery include lower morbidity rates and faster recovery with immediate weight bearing. Disadvantages are the requirement for specific equipment, specific requirements for post-operative management, and lengthy learning curve. At present, percutaneous hallux valgus correction is mainly achieved with chevron osteotomy of the first metatarsal, for which internal fixation and a minimally invasive approach (2 cm incision) seem reliable and reproducible. This procedure is currently the focus of research and evaluation. Percutaneous surgery for hallux rigidus is simple and provides similar outcomes to those of open surgery. Lateral metatarsal malalignment and toe deformities are good indications for percutaneous treatment, which produces results similar to those of conventional surgery with lower morbidity rates. Finally, fifth ray abnormalities are currently the ideal indication for percutaneous surgery, given the simplicity of the procedure and post-operative course, high reliability, and very low rate of iatrogenic complications. The most commonly performed percutaneous techniques are described herein, with their current indications, main outcomes, and recent developments.
Topics: Bandages; Endoscopy; Exostoses; Fluoroscopy; Forefoot, Human; Hallux Rigidus; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Learning Curve; Metatarsal Bones; Metatarsalgia; Metatarsophalangeal Joint; Osteotomy; Postoperative Care; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Surgical Equipment; Surgical Instruments; Toe Phalanges; Treatment Outcome; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 24412043
DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2013.06.017 -
BMJ Clinical Evidence Mar 2009Bunions are prominent and often inflamed metatarsal heads and overlying bursae, usually associated with hallux valgus where the great toe moves towards the second toe.... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Bunions are prominent and often inflamed metatarsal heads and overlying bursae, usually associated with hallux valgus where the great toe moves towards the second toe. Hallux valgus is found in at least 2% of children aged 9-10 years, and almost half of adults, with greater prevalence in women.
METHODS AND OUTCOMES
We conducted a systematic review and aimed to answer the following clinical questions: What are the effects of conservative treatments, surgery, and postoperative care for bunions? We searched: Medline, Embase, The Cochrane Library, and other important databases up to May 2008 (Clinical Evidence reviews are updated periodically, please check our website for the most up-to-date version of this review). We included harms alerts from relevant organisations such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA).
RESULTS
We found 21 systematic reviews, RCTs, or observational studies that met our inclusion criteria. We performed a GRADE evaluation of the quality of evidence for interventions.
CONCLUSIONS
In this systematic review, we present information relating to the effectiveness and safety of the following interventions: arthrodesis (Lapidus procedure); bone fixation (absorbable pin fixation, screw fixation plus early weight-bearing, standard fixation, suture fixation plus delayed weight-bearing, percutaneous Kirschner-wire fixation); chevron osteotomy plus adductor tenotomy; distal metatarsal osteotomy; early weight-bearing; Keller's arthroplasty; Keller-Lelievre arthroplasty; night splints; orthoses (including antipronatory orthoses in children); phalangeal (Akin) osteotomy plus distal chevron osteotomy; proximal osteotomy, and slipper casts.
Topics: Follow-Up Studies; Hallux Valgus; Humans; Metatarsal Bones; Orthotic Devices; Osteotomy; Weight-Bearing
PubMed: 19445756
DOI: No ID Found