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Enfermedades Infecciosas Y... Feb 2023
Topics: Candida parapsilosis; Candida; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 36759056
DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2022.09.010 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021Plants have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms that enable them to respond to a wide range of pathogens. It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short... (Review)
Review
Plants have evolved diverse molecular mechanisms that enable them to respond to a wide range of pathogens. It has become clear that microRNAs, a class of short single-stranded RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the transcriptional or post-translational level, play a crucial role in coordinating plant-pathogen interactions. Specifically, miRNAs have been shown to be involved in the regulation of phytohormone signals, reactive oxygen species, and gene expression, thereby modulating the arms race between hosts and pathogens. Adding another level of complexity, it has recently been shown that specific lncRNAs (ceRNAs) can act as decoys that interact with and modulate the activity of miRNAs. Here we review recent findings regarding the roles of miRNA in plant defense, with a focus on the regulatory modes of miRNAs and their possible applications in breeding pathogen-resistance plants including crops and trees. Special emphasis is placed on discussing the role of miRNA in the arms race between hosts and pathogens, and the interaction between disease-related miRNAs and lncRNAs.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Plant; Host-Pathogen Interactions; MicroRNAs; Mitosporic Fungi; Plant Breeding; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Immunity; Plant Proteins; Plants; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Plant; Reactive Oxygen Species; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33805611
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062913 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Oct 2021Candida species are among the most prevalent and abundant members of the gut mycobiota, with Candida albicans (CA) being the most prominent member. CA colonizes numerous... (Review)
Review
Candida species are among the most prevalent and abundant members of the gut mycobiota, with Candida albicans (CA) being the most prominent member. CA colonizes numerous mucosal surfaces, most notably the gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary tracts. In a healthy host, CA is a pathobiont that exists as a commensal but can become pathogenic if the host's immune system becomes suppressed. The microbial and/or host factors that dictate CA's ability to colonize mucosal surfaces and its ability to disseminate remain of great interest. Here, we review the recent advances and insights regarding Candida colonization and dissemination of the mammalian GI tract.
Topics: Animals; Candida; Candida albicans; Gastrointestinal Tract; Mucous Membrane; Symbiosis
PubMed: 34111679
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2021.05.012 -
PeerJ 2024Fungi can have important beneficial and detrimental effects on animals, yet our understanding of the diversity and function of most bee-associated fungi is poor. Over 2...
Fungi can have important beneficial and detrimental effects on animals, yet our understanding of the diversity and function of most bee-associated fungi is poor. Over 2 million bumblebee colonies are traded globally every year, but the presence and transport of viable fungi within them is unknown. Here, we explored whether any culturable fungi could be isolated from commercial bumblebee nests. We collected samples of various substrates from within 14 bumblebee colonies, including the honey, honey cup wall, egg cup wall, and frass then placed them on agar and recorded any growth. Fungal morphotypes were then subcultured and their ITS region sequenced for identification. Overall, we cultured 11 fungal species from the various nest substrates. These included both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi, such as sp., sp., and sp. Our results provide the first insights into the diversity of viable fungal communities in commercial bumblebee nests. Further research is needed to determine if these fungi are unique to commercial colonies or prevalent in wild bumblebee nests, and crucially to determine the ecological and evolutionary implications of these fungi in host colonies.
Topics: Bees; Animals; Aspergillus; Penicillium; Agar
PubMed: 38313023
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16713 -
Indoor Air May 2021In winter and summer of 2016 and 2017, airborne fungi and house dust were collected in indoors of the village Gunja, which had been flooded, and the control village...
In winter and summer of 2016 and 2017, airborne fungi and house dust were collected in indoors of the village Gunja, which had been flooded, and the control village Gornji Stupnik (Croatia) in order to explore variations of fungal indoor levels, particularly Aspergilli section Nidulantes series Versicolores, as well as fungal metabolites in dust. Levels of airborne Aspergilli (Versicolores) were three times as high in winter and summer in Gunja than in the control village, while dustborne isolates were equally present in both locations. Sequencing of the calmodulin gene region revealed that among Aspergilli (Versicolores), A. jensenii and A. creber were dominant and together with A. puulaauensis, A. tennesseensis and A. venenatus produced sterigmatocystin and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin (HPLC coupled with mass spectrometry); A. amoenus, A. fructus, A. griseoaurantiacus, A. pepii, and A. protuberus produced sterigmatocystin but not 5-methoxysterigmatocystin; A. sydowii did not produce any of these toxins. A total of 75 metabolites related to Penicillium (29), Aspergillus (22), Fusarium (10), Alternaria (5), Stachybotrys (2), and other fungi (7) were detected in dust by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The majority of metabolites including sterigmatocystin and 5-methoxysterigmatocystin exhibited a higher prevalence in winter in Gunja.
Topics: Air Microbiology; Air Pollution, Indoor; Alternaria; Aspergillus; Chromatography, Liquid; Croatia; Dust; Environmental Monitoring; Floods; Fungi; Housing; Mass Spectrometry; Penicillium; Seasons; Stachybotrys; Sterigmatocystin; Water
PubMed: 33314413
DOI: 10.1111/ina.12777 -
Mycologia 2023species form a well-supported monophyletic lineage within the Microascales (Ascomycota). Members of this genus can be found in association with bark beetles, as well as...
species form a well-supported monophyletic lineage within the Microascales (Ascomycota). Members of this genus can be found in association with bark beetles, as well as on tree wounds and in soils. During surveys of bark and ambrosia beetle-associated fungi and cavities made by woodpeckers on hardwood trees in Poland, many isolates with an affinity to were recovered. They were identified based on their morphological characters and sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), 28S rDNA, β-tubulin (), and translation elongation factor 1-α () gene regions. The results revealed five new species, described here as , and .
Topics: Animals; Trees; Poland; Phylogeny; Ascomycota; Weevils; Mitosporic Fungi
PubMed: 37001028
DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2023.2186676 -
Scientific Reports Sep 2022Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are two of the most important and widely used entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) to control insect pests. Recent studies have...
Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are two of the most important and widely used entomopathogenic fungi (EPFs) to control insect pests. Recent studies have revealed their function in promoting plant growth after artificial inoculation. To better assess fungal colonization and growth-promoting effects of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae on crops, maize Zea mays seedlings were treated separately with 13 B. bassiana and 73 M. anisopliae as rhizosphere fungi in a hydroponic cultural system. Plant growth indexes, including plant height, root length, fresh weight, etc., were traced recorded for 35 days to prove the growth promoting efficiency of the EPFs inoculation. Fungal recovery rate (FRR) verified that both B. bassiana and M. anisopliae could endophytically colonize in maize tissues. The recovery rates of B. bassiana in stems and leaves were 100% on the 7th day, but dropped to 11.1% in the stems and 22.2% in the leaves on the 28th day. Meanwhile, B. bassiana was not detected in the roots until the 28th day, reaching a recovery rate of 33.3%. M. anisopliae strains were isolated from the plant roots, stems and leaves throughout the tracing period with high recovery rates. The systematical colonization of B. bassiana and M. anisopliae in different tissues were further corroborated by PCR amplification of fungus-specified DNA band, which showed a higher detection sensitivity of 100% positive reaction. Fungal density comparing to the initial value in the hydroponic solution, dropped to be well below 1% on the 21st day. Thus, the two selected entomopathogenic fungal strains successfully established endophytic colonization rather than rhizospheric colonization in maize, and significantly promoted its growth in a hydroponic cultural system. Entomopathogenic fungi have great application potential in eco-agricultural fields including biopesticides and biofertilizers.
Topics: Beauveria; Biological Control Agents; DNA; Metarhizium; Pest Control, Biological; Zea mays
PubMed: 36127502
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19899-7 -
Medical Mycology Feb 2020This study investigated the monoterpene linalool and its resistance modulating activity involving ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and...
This study investigated the monoterpene linalool and its resistance modulating activity involving ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors (ketoconazole, fluconazole, and itraconazole) in strains of Microsporum spp. and Trichophyton spp. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of test-drugs were determined by microdilution. The modulating effect of linalool was evaluated by determining the MIC of the antifungals in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of linalool. We also investigated the association effect (checkerboard) of linalool together with ketoconazole and itraconazole. The fungi became more sensitive to ketoconazole and itraconazole in the presence of linalool. The linalool and azole drug associations presented synergism.
Topics: Acyclic Monoterpenes; Antifungal Agents; Azoles; Drug Synergism; Itraconazole; Ketoconazole; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Microsporum; Trichophyton
PubMed: 31329906
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz041 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Mar 2023Kojic acid is a fungal secondary metabolite commonly known as a tyrosinase inhibitor, that acts as a skin-whitening agent. Its applications are widely distributed in the... (Review)
Review
Kojic acid is a fungal secondary metabolite commonly known as a tyrosinase inhibitor, that acts as a skin-whitening agent. Its applications are widely distributed in the area of cosmetics, medicine, food, and chemical synthesis. Renewable resources are the alternative feedstocks that can fulfill the demand for free sugars which are fermented for the production of kojic acid. This review highlights the current progress and importance of bioprocessing of kojic acid from various types of competitive and non-competitive renewable feedstocks. The bioprocessing advancements, secondary metabolic pathway networks, gene clusters and regulations, strain improvement, and process design have also been discussed. The importance of nitrogen sources, amino acids, ions, agitation, and pH has been summarized. Two fungal species Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae are found to be extensively studied for kojic acid production due to their versatile substrate utilization and high titer ability. The potential of A. flavus to be a competitive industrial strain for large-scale production of kojic acid has been studied.
Topics: Pyrones; Aspergillus flavus; Amino Acids; Aspergillus oryzae
PubMed: 36995482
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03587-3 -
Medical Mycology Jul 2023The species of the Candida genus are opportunistic pathogenic fungi found in humans and are responsible for ∼80% of worldwide fungal infections. Aimed at diminishing... (Review)
Review
The species of the Candida genus are opportunistic pathogenic fungi found in humans and are responsible for ∼80% of worldwide fungal infections. Aimed at diminishing and preventing Candida adhesion to cells or implanted devices in the human host, a large diversity of materials has been developed and functionalized that have attracted much interest. Furthermore, these materials have been focused almost exclusively on Candida albicans, followed by C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, and C. tropicalis. Although an important diversity of materials has been synthesized to prevent adherence and formation of biofilms by Candida species, it is however important to evaluate the capacity of each material in terms of its property to diminish the adherence of Candida. These materials are discussed in this review.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Candida; Candida albicans; Biofilms; Candida glabrata; Antifungal Agents
PubMed: 37410609
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad065