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Advances in Biochemical... 2020The origin of the term diagnostic comes from the Greek word gnosis, meaning "to know." In medicine, a diagnostic can predict the pathology risk, disease status,... (Review)
Review
The origin of the term diagnostic comes from the Greek word gnosis, meaning "to know." In medicine, a diagnostic can predict the pathology risk, disease status, treatment, and prognosis, even following therapy. An early and correct diagnosis is necessary for an efficient treatment. Moreover, it is possible to predict if and why a therapy will be successful or fail, enabling the timely application of alternative therapeutic strategies. Available diagnostics are due to the advances in biotechnology; however, more sensitive, low-cost, and noninvasive methodologies are still a challenge. Knowledge about molecular characteristics provide personalized information, which is the goal of future medicine. Today, multiple diagnostic techniques have emerged, with which it is possible to distinguish molecular patterns.In this way, aptamers are the perfect tools to recognize molecular targets and can be easily modified to confer additional functions. Their versatile characteristics and low cost make aptamers ideal for diagnostic applications.This chapter is a review of aptamer-based diagnostics in biomedicine, with a special focus on probe design and molecular imaging. Graphical Abstract.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; Biotechnology; Diagnostic Imaging; Humans; Molecular Imaging; SELEX Aptamer Technique
PubMed: 31848635
DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_115 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Sep 2022Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers,... (Review)
Review
Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Limited by the variable disease microenvironment, early imperceptible symptoms, complex immune system interactions, and delayed clinical phenotypes, disease diagnosis and treatment are difficult in most cases. Molecular imaging (MI) techniques can track therapeutic drugs and disease sites in vivo and in vitro in a non-invasive, real-time and visible strategies. Comprehensive visual imaging and quantitative analysis based on different levels can help to clarify the disease process, pathogenesis, drug pharmacokinetics, and further evaluate the therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the application of different MI techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these major human diseases. It is hoped to shed a light on the development of related technologies and fields.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 35820600
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114446 -
Drug Discovery Today Aug 2022In addition to individual imaging techniques, the combination and integration of several imaging techniques, so-called multimodal imaging, can provide large amounts of... (Review)
Review
In addition to individual imaging techniques, the combination and integration of several imaging techniques, so-called multimodal imaging, can provide large amounts of anatomical, functional, and molecular information accelerating drug discovery and development processes. Imaging technologies aid in understanding the disease mechanism, finding new pharmacological targets, and assessment of new potential drug candidates and treatment response. Here, we describe how different imaging techniques can be used in different phases of drug discovery and development and highlight their strengths, related innovations, and future potential with a focus on the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) and radiomics for imaging technologies.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Drug Discovery; Forecasting; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 35429672
DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.04.009 -
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology :... Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular System; Molecular Imaging; Heart; Mediastinum
PubMed: 33655449
DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02534-9 -
ACS Sensors Oct 2022Ultrasound imaging is regarded as a highly sensitive imaging modality used in routine clinical examinations. Over the last several decades, ultrasound contrast agents... (Review)
Review
Ultrasound imaging is regarded as a highly sensitive imaging modality used in routine clinical examinations. Over the last several decades, ultrasound contrast agents have been widely applied in ultrasound molecular cancer imaging to improve the detection, characterization, and quantification of tumors. To date, a few new potential preclinical and clinical applications regarding ultrasound molecular cancer imaging are being investigated. This review presents an overview of the various kinds of ultrasound contrast agents employed in ultrasound molecular imaging and advanced imaging techniques using these contrast agents. Additionally, we discuss the recent enormous development of ultrasound contrast agents in the relevant preclinical and clinical applications, highlight the recent challenges which need to be overcome to accelerate the clinical translation, and discuss the future perspective of ultrasound molecular cancer imaging using various contrast agents. As a highly promising and valuable tumor-specific imaging technique, it is believed that ultrasound molecular imaging will pave an accurate and efficient way for cancer diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Contrast Media; Ultrasonography; Molecular Imaging; Neoplasms
PubMed: 36190830
DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01468 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Nov 2022Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has recently emerged as an important tool in the armamentarium of surgical oncologists. IMI allows real-time assessment of... (Review)
Review
Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has recently emerged as an important tool in the armamentarium of surgical oncologists. IMI allows real-time assessment of oncologic resection quality, margin assessment, and occult disease detection during real-time surgery. Numerous tracers have now been developed for use in IMI-guided tissue sampling. Fluorochromes localize to the tumor by taking advantage of their disorganized capillary milieu, overexpressed receptors, or upregulated enzymes. Although fluorescent tracers can suffer from issues of autofluorescence and lack of depth penetration, these challenges are being addressed through hybrid radioactive/fluorescent tracers and new tracers that fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR-II [wavelength > 1,000 nm]) range. IMI is already being used to treat numerous cancers, with demonstrated improvement in cancer recurrence and patient outcomes without incurring significant burden on either clinicians or patients. In this comprehensive review, we discuss history, mechanism, current oncologic applications, and future directions of IMI-guided optical biopsy.
Topics: Humans; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Molecular Imaging; Fluorescent Dyes; Neoplasms; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 35953303
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263409 -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Sep 2019Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown great potential in bioimaging applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, feasibility for surface... (Review)
Review
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown great potential in bioimaging applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, feasibility for surface functionalization, physiological stability, and tunable fluorescence properties. This Review first introduces the intriguing optical properties of GQDs that are suitable for biological imaging, and is followed by the GQDs' synthetic strategies. The emergent and latest development methods for tuning GQDs' optical properties are further described in detail. The recent advanced applications of GQDs in vitro, particularly in cell imaging, targeted imaging, and theranostic nanoplatform fabrication, are included. The applications of GQDs for in vivo bioimaging are also covered. Finally, the Review is concluded with the challenges and prospectives that face this nascent yet exciting field.
Topics: Fluorescence; Graphite; Molecular Imaging; Quantum Dots
PubMed: 31304647
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902136 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging... (Review)
Review
Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging is a useful tool to examine how microglial behavior is regulated and how it affects the surrounding environment. However, microglia are sensitive to environmental stimuli, so they possibly change their state during live imaging , mainly due to surgical damage, and due to various effects associated with culture conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to perform live imaging without compromising the properties of the microglia under physiological conditions. To overcome this barrier, various experimental conditions have been developed; recently, it has become possible to perform live imaging of so-called surveillant microglia , and , although there are various limitations. Now, we can choose , or live imaging systems according to the research objective. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each experimental system and outline the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of microglial behavior that have been elucidated by live imaging.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Communication; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Tracking; Cells, Cultured; Diagnostic Imaging; Gene Expression; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Microglia; Molecular Imaging; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33763064
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617564 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Molecular imaging is the visual representation of biological processes that take place at the cellular or molecular level in living organisms. To date, molecular imaging... (Review)
Review
Molecular imaging is the visual representation of biological processes that take place at the cellular or molecular level in living organisms. To date, molecular imaging plays an important role in the transition from conventional medical practice to precision medicine. Among all imaging modalities, positron emission tomography (PET) has great advantages in sensitivity and the ability to obtain absolute imaging quantification after corrections for photon attenuation and scattering. Due to the ability to label a host of unique molecules of biological interest, including endogenous, naturally occurring substrates and drug-like compounds, the role of PET has been well established in the field of molecular imaging. In this article, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the development of PET radiopharmaceuticals and their clinical applications in oncology.
Topics: Radiopharmaceuticals; Positron-Emission Tomography; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 36296381
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206790 -
Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2020Stem cell transplantation is a promising new therapeutic option in different neurological diseases. However, it is not yet possible to translate its potential from... (Review)
Review
Stem cell transplantation is a promising new therapeutic option in different neurological diseases. However, it is not yet possible to translate its potential from animal models to clinical application. One of the main problems of applying stem cell transplantation in clinical medium is the difficulty of detection, localization, and examination of the stem cells in vivo at both cellular and molecular levels. State-of-the-art molecular imaging techniques provide new and better means for noninvasive, repeated, and quantitative tracking of stem cell implant or transplant. From initial deposition to the survival, migration, and differentiation of the transplant/implanted stem cells, current molecular imaging methods allow monitoring of the infused cells in the same live recipient over time. The present review briefly summarizes and compares these molecular imaging methods for cell labeling and imaging in animal models as well as in clinical application and sheds light on consecutive new therapeutic options if appropriate.
Topics: Animals; Cell Tracking; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Molecular Imaging; Neurosciences; Positron-Emission Tomography; Stem Cells
PubMed: 31020636
DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_218