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Theranostics 2022Aptamers are single stranded oligonucleotides that fold into three dimensional structures and are able to recognize a variety of molecular targets. Due to the similarity... (Review)
Review
Aptamers are single stranded oligonucleotides that fold into three dimensional structures and are able to recognize a variety of molecular targets. Due to the similarity to antibodies with regards to specificity and affinity and their chemical versatility, aptamers are increasingly used to create targeted probes for molecular imaging and therapy. Hence, aptamer-based probes have been utilized in practically all major imaging modalities such as nuclear imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, x-ray computed tomography, echography and fluorescence imaging, as well as newer modalities such as surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Aside from targeting, aptamers have been used for the creation of sensors that allow the localized detection of cellular markers such as ATP . This review focuses on studies of aptamer-based probes for imaging and theranostics since the comprehensive overview by Bouvier-Müller and Ducongé in 2018.
Topics: Aptamers, Nucleotide; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Molecular Imaging; Optical Imaging; Precision Medicine; SELEX Aptamer Technique
PubMed: 35673581
DOI: 10.7150/thno.72949 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Aug 2020Gone are the days when medical imaging was used primarily to visualize anatomic structures. The emergence of molecular imaging (MI), championed by radiolabeled F-FDG... (Review)
Review
Gone are the days when medical imaging was used primarily to visualize anatomic structures. The emergence of molecular imaging (MI), championed by radiolabeled F-FDG PET, has expanded the information content derived from imaging to include pathophysiologic and molecular processes. Cancer imaging, in particular, has leveraged advances in MI agents and technology to improve the accuracy of tumor detection, interrogate tumor heterogeneity, monitor treatment response, focus surgical resection, and enable image-guided biopsy. Surgeons are actively latching on to the incredible opportunities provided by medical imaging for preoperative planning, intraoperative guidance, and postoperative monitoring. From label-free techniques to enabling cancer-selective imaging agents, image-guided surgery provides surgical oncologists and interventional radiologists both macroscopic and microscopic views of cancer in the operating room. This review highlights the current state of MI and sensing approaches available for surgical guidance. Salient features of nuclear, optical, and multimodal approaches will be discussed, including their strengths, limitations, and clinical applications. To address the increasing complexity and diversity of methods available today, this review provides a framework to identify a contrast mechanism, suitable modality, and device. Emerging low-cost, portable, and user-friendly imaging systems make the case for adopting some of these technologies as the global standard of care in surgical practice.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Imaging; Neoplasms; Surgery, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 32303598
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.220426 -
Radiologic Clinics of North America May 2021This review highlights the 2 major molecular imaging modalities that are used in clinics, namely single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission... (Review)
Review
This review highlights the 2 major molecular imaging modalities that are used in clinics, namely single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), and their added value in management of patients with brain tumors. There are a variety of SPECT and PET radiotracers that can allow imaging of different molecular processes. Those radiotracers target specific molecular features of tumors, resulting in improved specificity of these agents. Potential applications include staging of brain tumors and evaluating post-therapeutic changes.
Topics: Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Humans; Molecular Imaging; Positron-Emission Tomography; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
PubMed: 33926683
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2021.01.005 -
Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews Sep 2022Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers,... (Review)
Review
Timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis are extremely important and beneficial for all diseases, especially for some of the major human disease, such as cancers, cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Limited by the variable disease microenvironment, early imperceptible symptoms, complex immune system interactions, and delayed clinical phenotypes, disease diagnosis and treatment are difficult in most cases. Molecular imaging (MI) techniques can track therapeutic drugs and disease sites in vivo and in vitro in a non-invasive, real-time and visible strategies. Comprehensive visual imaging and quantitative analysis based on different levels can help to clarify the disease process, pathogenesis, drug pharmacokinetics, and further evaluate the therapeutic effects. This review summarizes the application of different MI techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of these major human diseases. It is hoped to shed a light on the development of related technologies and fields.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Imaging
PubMed: 35820600
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114446 -
Journal of Nuclear Cardiology :... Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Cardiovascular System; Molecular Imaging; Heart; Mediastinum
PubMed: 33655449
DOI: 10.1007/s12350-021-02534-9 -
Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official... Nov 2022Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has recently emerged as an important tool in the armamentarium of surgical oncologists. IMI allows real-time assessment of... (Review)
Review
Intraoperative molecular imaging (IMI) has recently emerged as an important tool in the armamentarium of surgical oncologists. IMI allows real-time assessment of oncologic resection quality, margin assessment, and occult disease detection during real-time surgery. Numerous tracers have now been developed for use in IMI-guided tissue sampling. Fluorochromes localize to the tumor by taking advantage of their disorganized capillary milieu, overexpressed receptors, or upregulated enzymes. Although fluorescent tracers can suffer from issues of autofluorescence and lack of depth penetration, these challenges are being addressed through hybrid radioactive/fluorescent tracers and new tracers that fluoresce in the near-infrared (NIR-II [wavelength > 1,000 nm]) range. IMI is already being used to treat numerous cancers, with demonstrated improvement in cancer recurrence and patient outcomes without incurring significant burden on either clinicians or patients. In this comprehensive review, we discuss history, mechanism, current oncologic applications, and future directions of IMI-guided optical biopsy.
Topics: Humans; Surgery, Computer-Assisted; Molecular Imaging; Fluorescent Dyes; Neoplasms; Optical Imaging
PubMed: 35953303
DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.121.263409 -
Journal of Molecular Medicine (Berlin,... Oct 2021Inflammation is the phenotypic form of various diseases. Recent development in molecular imaging provides new insights into the diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of... (Review)
Review
Inflammation is the phenotypic form of various diseases. Recent development in molecular imaging provides new insights into the diagnostic and therapeutic evaluation of different inflammatory diseases as well as diseases involving inflammation such as cancer. While conventional imaging techniques used in the clinical setting provide only indirect measures of inflammation such as increased perfusion and altered endothelial permeability, optical imaging is able to report molecular information on diseased tissue and cells. Optical imaging is a quick, noninvasive, nonionizing, and easy-to-use diagnostic technology which has been successfully applied for preclinical research. Further development of optical imaging technology such as optoacoustic imaging overcomes the limitations of mere fluorescence imaging, thereby enabling pilot clinical applications in humans. By means of endogenous and exogenous contrast agents, sites of inflammation can be accurately visualized in vivo. This allows for early disease detection and specific disease characterization, enabling more rapid and targeted therapeutic interventions. In this review, we summarize currently available optical imaging techniques used to detect inflammation, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), bioluminescence, fluorescence, optoacoustics, and Raman spectroscopy. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the different in vivo imaging applications with a special focus on targeting inflammation including immune cell tracking.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity; Inflammation; Microscopy, Fluorescence; Molecular Imaging; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 34272967
DOI: 10.1007/s00109-021-02115-w -
Small (Weinheim An Der Bergstrasse,... Sep 2019Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown great potential in bioimaging applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, feasibility for surface... (Review)
Review
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have shown great potential in bioimaging applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, low cytotoxicity, feasibility for surface functionalization, physiological stability, and tunable fluorescence properties. This Review first introduces the intriguing optical properties of GQDs that are suitable for biological imaging, and is followed by the GQDs' synthetic strategies. The emergent and latest development methods for tuning GQDs' optical properties are further described in detail. The recent advanced applications of GQDs in vitro, particularly in cell imaging, targeted imaging, and theranostic nanoplatform fabrication, are included. The applications of GQDs for in vivo bioimaging are also covered. Finally, the Review is concluded with the challenges and prospectives that face this nascent yet exciting field.
Topics: Fluorescence; Graphite; Molecular Imaging; Quantum Dots
PubMed: 31304647
DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902136 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging... (Review)
Review
Microglia are highly dynamic in the brain in terms of their ability to migrate, proliferate, and phagocytose over the course of an individual's life. Real-time imaging is a useful tool to examine how microglial behavior is regulated and how it affects the surrounding environment. However, microglia are sensitive to environmental stimuli, so they possibly change their state during live imaging , mainly due to surgical damage, and due to various effects associated with culture conditions. Therefore, it is difficult to perform live imaging without compromising the properties of the microglia under physiological conditions. To overcome this barrier, various experimental conditions have been developed; recently, it has become possible to perform live imaging of so-called surveillant microglia , and , although there are various limitations. Now, we can choose , or live imaging systems according to the research objective. In this review, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each experimental system and outline the physiological significance and molecular mechanisms of microglial behavior that have been elucidated by live imaging.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Communication; Cell Culture Techniques; Cell Tracking; Cells, Cultured; Diagnostic Imaging; Gene Expression; Genes, Reporter; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Microglia; Molecular Imaging; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33763064
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.617564 -
Cancer Imaging : the Official... Sep 2022Molecular imaging technologies are increasingly used to diagnose, monitor, and guide treatment of i.e., cancer. In this review, the current status and future prospects... (Review)
Review
Molecular imaging technologies are increasingly used to diagnose, monitor, and guide treatment of i.e., cancer. In this review, the current status and future prospects of the use of molecular imaging as an instrument to help realize precision surgery is addressed with focus on the main components that form the conceptual basis of intraoperative molecular imaging. Paramount for successful interventions is the relevance and accessibility of surgical targets. In addition, selection of the correct combination of imaging agents and modalities is critical to visualize both microscopic and bulk disease sites with high affinity and specificity. In this context developments within engineering/imaging physics continue to drive the growth of image-guided surgery. Particularly important herein is enhancement of sensitivity through improved contrast and spatial resolution, features that are critical if sites of cancer involvement are not to be overlooked during surgery. By facilitating the connection between surgical planning and surgical execution, digital surgery technologies such as computer-aided visualization nicely complement these technologies. The complexity of image guidance, combined with the plurality of technologies that are becoming available, also drives the need for evaluation mechanisms that can objectively score the impact that technologies exert on the performance of healthcare professionals and outcome improvement for patients.
Topics: Humans; Molecular Imaging; Neoplasms; Surgery, Computer-Assisted
PubMed: 36068619
DOI: 10.1186/s40644-022-00482-2