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Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and... (Review)
Review
The family Poxviridae is a large family of viruses with a ubiquitous distribution, subdivided into two subfamilies: Chordopoxvirinae (poxviruses of vertebrates) and Entomopoxvirinae (poxviruses of insects). Only three species from the first subfamily, Orthopoxvirus (OPV), Molluscipoxvirus and Parapoxvirus, can infect the human being. In the paediatric population, viruses belonging to the first two subfamilies have the greatest importance. Following the eradication of smallpox in 1980, vaccination of the general population was discontinued after careful consideration of the risks and benefits. However, nearly all children and most of the world's population had little to no protection against OPV. The aim of this chapter is to review the current evidence on the aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of Poxviridae infections in children.
Topics: Humans; Child; Poxviridae Infections; Poxviridae; Child, Preschool; Infant; Animals
PubMed: 38801580
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_13 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2024Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus is a poxvirus belonging to the Poxviridae family, which includes Orthopoxvirus, Parapoxvirus, Yantapoxvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Smallpox virus, Cowpox virus and Monkeypox virus. MCV belongs to the genus Molluscipoxvirus and has a tropism for skin tissue. MCV infects keratinocytes and, after an incubation period of 2 weeks to 6 weeks, causes a breakdown of the skin barrier with the development of papules of variable size depending on the proper functioning of the immune response (both adaptive and acquired). MCV only infects humans and does not cause viraemia. MCV encodes for several inhibitory proteins responsible to circumvent the immune response through different signalling pathways. Individuals who can be infected with MCV are children, immunocompromised individuals such as organ transplant recipients and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Current treatments to manage MCV-induced lesions are different and include the use of immunomodulators, which, however, do not provide an effective response.
Topics: Humans; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Molluscum Contagiosum; Animals
PubMed: 38801577
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_10 -
Cutis Nov 2019Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes infection in humans that is limited to the cutis and subcutaneous levels of the skin. The virus is... (Review)
Review
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is a poxvirus that causes infection in humans that is limited to the cutis and subcutaneous levels of the skin. The virus is transmitted from close associates in settings such as pools, day care, and bathtubs. Pediatric molluscum is common in school-aged children and resolves spontaneously in healthy children. Widespread lesions, complicated by comorbid dermatitis, are expected in children with atopic dermatitis (AD); however, even children without AD can develop dermatitis or signs of inflammation or pruritus. Molluscum is the great mimicker in pediatric dermatology; the morphology of the lesions and overlying rash can make molluscum look polymorphous and similar to other skin illnesses. This article addresses the issue of transmission, course of disease, comorbidities, and therapeutic options, including the gold standard-nonintervention. The decision to intervene is a joint decision among children, parents/guardians, and the practitioner. The first priority should be reduction of symptoms, followed by reduction of spread and then disease remission.
Topics: Child; Dermatitis, Atopic; Humans; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus
PubMed: 31886783
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2019
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Eye Infections, Viral; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Keratoconjunctivitis; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Young Adult
PubMed: 31238446
DOI: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_1808_18 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Feb 2023Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an acute infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) with a worldwide incidence of approximately 8,000 cases per 100,000... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Molluscum contagiosum (MC) is an acute infection caused by the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) with a worldwide incidence of approximately 8,000 cases per 100,000 individuals annually. Greater than 90% of MC cases occur in the pediatric population, and affected adults are more likely to be younger or immunocompromised. MC has minimal inflammation initially; however, a strong inflammatory response can occur during resolution of the infection, termed the beginning of the end (BOTE). MC infections may last months to years, and it is hypothesized that persistent infections may be due to suppression of immunity by MCV proteins, thus affecting MC’s clinical progression.
OBJECTIVE
We reviewed the current proposed mechanisms of MCV immune evasion and discuss potential therapeutic options for MC treatment.
METHODS
A literature search was conducted using electronic databases (Pubmed, Google Scholar, Medline).
RESULTS
We compiled 18 original research articles and identified 11 proteins produced by MCV that are postulated to participate in evasion of host immunity through various molecular pathways. These proteins and/or their downstream pathways may be influenced by MC treatments in phase 3 development, including berdazimer gel 10.3% and VP-102 cantharidin, 0.7%.
CONCLUSION
MCV is distinctive in evading immune surveillance by inhibiting or dampening several immune pathways via the production of viral proteins. The result is decreasing local inflammatory response which contributes to the prolonged survival of MCV in the epidermis. Persistent MC can be a nuisance for some patients and treatment may be desired. Currently, no treatment has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Two approaches in the pipeline may affect the immune avoidance mechanisms; nevertheless, their exact mechanisms between the potential therapeutics and viral proteins remain enigmatic. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(2):182-189. doi:10.36849/JDD.7230.
Topics: Humans; Child; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Molluscum Contagiosum; Cantharidin; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 36745361
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.7230 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Feb 2024
Topics: Humans; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus
PubMed: 38007037
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.11.021 -
Viruses Oct 2021Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the family, encode cell death...
Viral infection activates cellular antiviral defenses including programmed cell death (PCD). Many viruses, particularly those of the family, encode cell death inhibitors that antagonize different forms of PCD. While some viral inhibitors are broadly active in cells of different species, others have species-specific functions, probably reflecting the co-evolution of the herpesviruses with their respective hosts. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protein UL36 is a dual cell death pathway inhibitor. It blocks death receptor-dependent apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-8 activation, and necroptosis by binding to the mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) protein and inducing its degradation. While UL36 has been shown to inhibit apoptosis in human and murine cells, the specificity of its necroptosis-inhibiting function has not been investigated. Here we show that UL36 interacts with both human and murine MLKL, but has a higher affinity for human MLKL. When expressed by a recombinant mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV), UL36 caused a modest reduction of murine MLKL levels but did not inhibit necroptosis in murine cells. These data suggest that UL36 inhibits necroptosis, but not apoptosis, in a species-specific manner, similar to ICP6 of herpes simplex virus type 1 and MC159 of molluscum contagiosum virus. Species-specific necroptosis inhibition might contribute to the narrow host range of these viruses.
Topics: Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Line; Cytomegalovirus; Herpesviridae; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Mice; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Muromegalovirus; Necroptosis; Necrosis; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 34834942
DOI: 10.3390/v13112134 -
The Science of the Total Environment Jan 2024Monitoring of potentially pathogenic human viruses in wastewater is of crucial importance to understand disease trends in communities, predict potential outbreaks, and...
Monitoring of potentially pathogenic human viruses in wastewater is of crucial importance to understand disease trends in communities, predict potential outbreaks, and boost preparedness and response by public health departments. High throughput metagenomic sequencing opens an opportunity to expand the capabilities of wastewater surveillance. However, there are major bottlenecks in the metagenomic enabled wastewater surveillance, including the complexities in selecting appropriate sampling and concentration/virus enrichment methods as well as in bioinformatic analysis of complex samples with low human virus concentrations. To evaluate the abilities of two commonly used sampling and concentration methods in virus identification, virus communities concentrated with Virus Adsorption-Elution (VIRADEL) and PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG) precipitation were compared for three interceptor sites. Results indicated that more viral reads were obtained by the VIRADEL concentration method, with 2.84 ± 0.57 % viral reads in the sample. For samples concentrated with PEG, the average proportion of viral reads in the sample was 0.63 ± 0.19 %. In all wastewater samples, bacteriophage affiliated with the families Siphoviridae, Myoviridae and Podoviridae were found to be the abundant populations. Comparison against a custom Swiss-Prot human virus database indicated that the relatively abundant human viruses (average proportions in human virus community greater than 1.00 %) in samples concentrated with the VIRADEL method were Orthopoxvirus, Rhadinovirus, Parapoxvirus, Varicellovirus, Hepatovirus, Simplexvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Parechovirus, Lymphocryptovirus, and Spumavirus. In samples concentrated with the PEG method, fewer human viruses were found to be relatively abundant. These were Orthopoxvirus, Rhadinovirus, Varicellovirus, Simplexvirus, Molluscipoxvirus, Lymphocryptovirus, and Betacoronavirus. Contigs of Betacoronavirus, which contains severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), were identified in VIRADEL and PEG samples. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using metagenomics in wastewater surveillance as a first screening tool and the need for selecting the appropriate virus concentration methods and optimizing bioinformatic approaches in analyzing metagenomic data of wastewater samples.
Topics: Humans; Wastewater; Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Monitoring; Viruses; SARS-CoV-2; Bacteriophages
PubMed: 37918732
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168128 -
The Journal of General Virology Mar 2021Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses...
Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family . These include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (VACV), horsepoxvirus (HPXV) and cowpoxvirus (CPXV), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). However, with the exception of VACV, HPXV and CPXV, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments available. Here we present the first full-length genome sequence of an equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus (EMCLV) directly determined from skin biopsies of a horse with generalized papular dermatitis. Histopathological analysis of the lesions revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia with numerous eosinophilic inclusion bodies within keratinocytes. Virions were detected in the lesions in embedded tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The genome sequence determined by next- and third-generation sequencing comprises 166 843 nt with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3473 nt. Overall, 20 of the predicted 159 ORFs have no equivalents in other poxviruses. Intriguingly, two of these ORFs were identified to encode homologues of mammalian proteins involved in immune signalling pathways, namely (SECTM1) and (IGFLR1), that were not described in any virus family so far. Phylogenetic analysis with all relevant representatives of the suggests that EMCLV should be nominated as a new species within the genus .
Topics: Animals; Female; Genome, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Horse Diseases; Horses; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Membrane Proteins; Molluscipoxvirus; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Open Reading Frames; Phylogeny; Poxviridae Infections; Skin; Skin Diseases, Viral; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 31922947
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001357 -
Viruses Oct 2021Viral skin infections often affect the sports community. The aim of this study was to assess the rates, location sites, and seasons of appearance of common viral...
Viral skin infections often affect the sports community. The aim of this study was to assess the rates, location sites, and seasons of appearance of common viral cutaneous diseases in beach volleyball athletes in Greece. Five hundred and forty-nine beach volleyball athletes participated in this study. The average age was 28.4 years. The viral infections were herpes simplex (type 1), molluscum contagiosum and warts. The measured parameters included: gender, age, the season when athletes may be more susceptible to infections and the location of infection in the body. Practicing information such as the number of training years, number of weekly trainings, and average hours of daily training was also recorded. Incidence rates correlated in relation to age: (a) warts ( < 0.001), molluscum contagiosum ( < 0.001), and herpes simplex ( = 0.001); (b) years of training: warts ( < 0.001), molluscum contagiosum ( < 0.001), and herpes simplex ( = 0.004); (c) average hours of daily training: molluscum contagiosum ( = 0.006) and herpes simplex ( < 0.010). The skin is the largest organ, and the risk of infection should not be underestimated. Prevention, early detection, recognition, and treatment are related to health and athletic performance, but also to the risk of transmission.
Topics: Adult; Athletes; Female; Greece; Herpes Simplex; Humans; Male; Molluscum Contagiosum; Molluscum contagiosum virus; Phylogeny; Simplexvirus; Skin Diseases; Volleyball; Warts; Young Adult
PubMed: 34834914
DOI: 10.3390/v13112107