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Scientific Reports Mar 2022The eye orbit has mechanical and acoustic characteristics that determine resonant frequencies and amplify acoustic signals in certain frequency ranges. These...
The eye orbit has mechanical and acoustic characteristics that determine resonant frequencies and amplify acoustic signals in certain frequency ranges. These characteristics also interfere with the acoustic amplitudes and frequencies of eyeball when measured with an acoustic tonometer. A model in which a porcine eyeball was embedded in ultrasonic conductive gel in the orbit of a model skull was used to simulate an in vivo environment, and the acoustic responses of eyeballs were detected. The triggering source was a low-power acoustic speaker contacting the occipital bone, and the detector was a high-resolution microphone with a dish detecting the acoustic signals without contacting the cornea. Dozens of ex vivo porcine eyeballs were tested at various intraocular pressure levels to detect their resonant frequencies and acoustic amplitudes in their power spectra. We confirmed that the eyeballs' resonant frequencies were proportional to intraocular pressure, but interference from orbit effects decreased the amplitudes in these resonant frequency ranges. However, we observed that the frequency amplitudes of eyeballs were correlated with intraocular pressure in other frequency ranges. We investigated eye orbit effects and demonstrated how they interfere with the eyeball's resonant frequencies and frequency amplitudes. These results are useful for developing advanced acoustic tonometer.
Topics: Acoustics; Animals; Cornea; Intraocular Pressure; Orbit; Swine; Tonometry, Ocular
PubMed: 35318400
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08874-x -
Annals of Anatomy = Anatomischer... Apr 2024The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this review is to analyze the origin of ocular motor neurons, define the pattern of innervation of nerve fibers that project to the extraocular eye muscles (EOMs), describe congenital disorders that alter the development of ocular motor neurons, and provide an overview of vestibular pathway inputs to ocular motor nuclei. Six eye muscles are innervated by axons of three ocular motor neurons, the oculomotor (CNIII), trochlear (CNIV), and abducens (CNVI) neurons. Ocular motor neurons (CNIII) originate in the midbrain and innervate the ipsilateral orbit, except for the superior rectus and the levator palpebrae, which are contralaterally innervated. Trochlear motor neurons (CNIV) originate at the midbrain-hindbrain junction and innervate the contralateral superior oblique muscle. Abducens motor neurons (CNVI) originate variously in the hindbrain of rhombomeres r4-6 that innervate the posterior (or lateral) rectus muscle and innervate the retractor bulbi. Genes allow a distinction between special somatic (CNIII, IV) and somatic (CNVI) ocular motor neurons. Development of ocular motor neurons and their axonal projections to the EOMs may be derailed by various genetic causes, resulting in the congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders. The ocular motor neurons innervate EOMs while the vestibular nuclei connect with the midbrain-brainstem motor neurons.
Topics: Animals; Oculomotor Muscles; Motor Neurons; Vertebrates; Orbit; Eyelids; Oculomotor Nerve
PubMed: 38346566
DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2024.152225 -
Seminars in Roentgenology Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Orbit; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Head
PubMed: 37507168
DOI: 10.1053/j.ro.2023.01.003 -
European Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 2022Ocular adnexal lymphomas (OAL) constitute 55% of all orbital tumors. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM) presenting as an orbital mass with diffuse extraocular muscle...
PURPOSE
Ocular adnexal lymphomas (OAL) constitute 55% of all orbital tumors. Waldenström Macroglobulinemia (WM) presenting as an orbital mass with diffuse extraocular muscle (EOM) involvement is rare. We report an elderly patient who presented to the ophthalmologist for an orbital mass which on evaluation, turned out to an ocular adnexal WM.
OBSERVATIONS
A 75 years old man presented with a palpable mass in the left anterior superior orbit and bilateral restricted ocular motility in all gazes. Computed tomography scan revealed a hyperdense mass with diffuse thickening of extraocular muscles and enlarged lacrimal gland on the left side. Incisional biopsy of the mass revealed a lymphoproliferative neoplasm with plasmacytic morphology. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) of the orbital mass as well as the bone marrow was sought, lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (CD20+, CD38+, MUM1+, BCL 2+, CD3-, CD5-, CD10-, CD23-, cyclin D1). Bone marrow flow cytometry showed CD5-, CD10- kappa restricted B cell neoplasm. Serum analysis significantly elevated IgM levels. This indicated a diagnosis of ocular adnexal Waldenström Macroglobulinemia.
CONCLUSION AND IMPORTANCE
This case highlights the importance of clinical evaluation, histopathology, and immunohistochemistry for phenotyping of ocular adnexal lymphomas.
Topics: Aged; Eye Neoplasms; Humans; Immunohistochemistry; Male; Orbit; Orbital Neoplasms; Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia
PubMed: 33183084
DOI: 10.1177/1120672120963459 -
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive...The purpose of this study was to compare the histopathologic inflammation and fibrosis of orbital adipose tissue in orbital inflammatory disease (OID) specimens.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare the histopathologic inflammation and fibrosis of orbital adipose tissue in orbital inflammatory disease (OID) specimens.
METHODS
In this retrospective cohort study, inflammation, and fibrosis in orbital adipose tissue from patients with thyroid-associated orbitopathy (TAO), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), sarcoidosis, nonspecific orbital inflammation (NSOI), and healthy controls were scored by 2 masked ocular pathologists. Both categories were scored on a scale of 0 to 3 with scoring criteria based on the percentage of specimens containing inflammation or fibrosis, respectively. Tissue specimens were collected from oculoplastic surgeons at 8 international centers representing 4 countries. Seventy-four specimens were included: 25 with TAO, 6 with orbital GPA, 7 with orbital sarcoidosis, 24 with NSOI, and 12 healthy controls.
RESULTS
The mean inflammation and fibrosis scores for healthy controls were 0.0 and 1.1, respectively. Orbital inflammatory disease groups' inflammation (I) and fibrosis (F) scores, formatted [I, F] with respective p -values when compared to controls, were: TAO [0.2, 1.4] ( p = 1, 1), GPA [1.9, 2.6] ( p = 0.003, 0.009), sarcoidosis [2.4, 1.9] ( p = 0.001, 0.023), and NSOI [1.3, 1.8] ( p ≤ 0.001, 0.018). Sarcoidosis had the highest mean inflammation score. The pairwise analysis demonstrated that sarcoidosis had a significantly higher mean inflammation score than NSOI ( p = 0.036) and TAO ( p < 0.0001), but no difference when compared to GPA. GPA had the highest mean fibrosis score, with pairwise analysis demonstrating a significantly higher mean fibrosis score than TAO ( p = 0.048).
CONCLUSIONS
Mean inflammation and fibrosis scores in TAO orbital adipose tissue samples did not differ from healthy controls. In contrast, the more "intense" inflammatory diseases such as GPA, sarcoidosis, and NSOI did demonstrate higher histopathologic inflammation and fibrosis. This has implications in prognosis, therapeutic selection, and response monitoring in orbital inflammatory disease.
Topics: Humans; Orbit; Retrospective Studies; Inflammation; Graves Ophthalmopathy; Sarcoidosis; Fibrosis
PubMed: 37279012
DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000002410 -
The Journal of Craniofacial Surgery May 2021Paranasal sinus (PNS) mucoceles may involve orbit and have ophthalmic manifestations. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiological...
INTRODUCTION
Paranasal sinus (PNS) mucoceles may involve orbit and have ophthalmic manifestations. The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiological features affecting the ophthalmic manifestations in patients with PNS mucoceles involving the orbit.
METHODS
Fifty-two patients underwent endoscopic sinus surgery for PNS mucoceles with orbital involvement were investigated. Ophthalmic manifestations included exophthalmos, ocular pain, diplopia, visual disturbance. The correlation between ocular symptoms and the mucocele volume, origin site of mucocele, and the involvement of extraocular muscles or optic nerve were evaluated.
RESULTS
Ophthalmic manifestations were significantly higher in the anterior ethmoid and frontal sinus involvement. Exophthalmos was significantly increased in the involvement of anterior ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, and superior group ocular muscles, but decreased in the mucocele of maxillary sinus. Ocular pain was significantly lower in the involvement of anterior ethmoid sinus, frontal sinus, and superior group ocular muscle. Diplopia showed no significant differences among clinical and radiological parameters. Visual disturbance was significantly higher in the involvement of posterior ethmoid sinus and sphenoid sinus. The volume of mucocele, relation to optic nerve, adjacent bony change, and duration of ocular symptom had no significant effect on ocular symptoms in patients with PNS mucoceles involving the orbit.
CONCLUSION
The volume of mucocele did not affect the ophthalmic manifestations in patients with PNS mucoceles involving the orbit. Exophthalmos, ocular pain, and visual disturbance were significantly correlated with the involved sinus of PNS mucoceles.
Topics: Ethmoid Sinus; Exophthalmos; Humans; Mucocele; Orbit; Paranasal Sinus Diseases
PubMed: 32897979
DOI: 10.1097/SCS.0000000000006982 -
Clinical Anatomy (New York, N.Y.) Nov 2023The complex anatomy of the orbit generates a complex orbital shape that can only be quantified approximatively by classic linear measurements such as maximum width and...
The complex anatomy of the orbit generates a complex orbital shape that can only be quantified approximatively by classic linear measurements such as maximum width and height. There is no global three-dimensional quantification of variations in orbital shape. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to quantify a global three-dimensional orbital shape variation in a healthy population and to test a series of explanatory factors. We investigated the hypotheses that orbital shape is related to gender(H1), orbital size(H2) and/or age(H3). Medical computed tomography(CT) images of 60 adult individuals were studied. The study sample consisted of 30 males and 30 females with a mean age of 25.1 years. Four anatomical landmarks and 140 semi-landmarks were measured on both positive and negative 3D reconstructed orbits and analyzed with geometric morphometrics. A principal component analysis(PCA) was computed to define a morphological space. Shape variation was visualized using vector distance maps and diagrams. The greatest variation was seen in the length of the superior orbital fissure. There was a gradient in terms of orbital shape ranging from short, wide orbits to tall, narrow orbits. The analysis did not highlight any significant age-, gender- or size-related impact in terms of orbital shape variation. Future avenues to explore include the study of other potential explanatory factors such as the different embryological origins of the orbital bones, the passage of vessels and nerves, and ethnic origins. This method can also be applied to the study of pathological orbits.
Topics: Adult; Male; Female; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Orbit; Head; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Zygoma
PubMed: 36648017
DOI: 10.1002/ca.24007 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Jan 2022
Topics: Enophthalmos; Humans; Orbit; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 34303551
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2021.02.006 -
Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS Aug 2022Posttraumatic enophthalmos (PE) arises when the ocular globe is displaced posteriorly and inferiorly in the orbital cavity due to a mismatch in orbital volume and...
Posttraumatic enophthalmos (PE) arises when the ocular globe is displaced posteriorly and inferiorly in the orbital cavity due to a mismatch in orbital volume and orbital content. This most commonly happens after orbital fractures. The resulting disruptions to aesthetic form and ocular functions often necessitate surgical correction for reconstruction and restoration. The purpose of surgical management of PE is to reconstruct orbital shape and volume as well as to restore any herniated orbital content. This can be particularly challenging in cases involving large defects that require complex orbital reconstruction. Recent advancements in computer-aided surgery have introduced innovative and important tools to assist surgeons with these difficult cases. The ability to create customized, patient-specific implants can facilitate reconstruction involving complicated anatomy. Additionally, intraoperative imaging and intraoperative navigation can serve as useful guides for surgeons to more accurately place implants, especially in cases with limited visualization, in order to achieve optimal outcomes.
Topics: Humans; Enophthalmos; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Dental Implants; Esthetics, Dental; Orbital Fractures; Orbit
PubMed: 35545118
DOI: 10.1055/a-1849-5491 -
Indian Journal of Pathology &... 2023A 28-year-old male presented with a large conjunctival lobulated, nonpulsatile, red vascular lesion involving a large part of the temporal quadrant of the left globe....
A 28-year-old male presented with a large conjunctival lobulated, nonpulsatile, red vascular lesion involving a large part of the temporal quadrant of the left globe. There was no proptosis or globe displacement, but the left eye abduction was limited. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scan of the brain and orbit revealed an extensive contrast-enhancing lobulated lesion in the left half of the face involving the upper lip, cheek, oral cavity, extraconal space of left orbit, and nasal cavity. He underwent surgical excision of the conjunctival lesion with amniotic membrane reconstruction.
Topics: Male; Humans; Adult; Orbit; Exophthalmos; Conjunctiva; Cheek
PubMed: 37077090
DOI: 10.4103/ijpm.ijpm_490_21