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Indian Journal of Ophthalmology Jul 2023Infections of orbit and periorbita are frequent, leading to significant morbidity. Orbital cellulitis is more common in children and young adults. At any age, infection... (Review)
Review
Infections of orbit and periorbita are frequent, leading to significant morbidity. Orbital cellulitis is more common in children and young adults. At any age, infection from the neighboring ethmoid sinuses is a likely cause and is thought to result from anatomical characteristics like thin medial wall, lack of lymphatics, orbital foramina, and septic thrombophlebitis of the valveless veins between the two. Other causes are trauma, orbital foreign bodies, preexisting dental infections, dental procedures, maxillofacial surgeries, Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF), and retinal buckling procedures. The septum is a natural barrier to the passage of microorganisms. Orbital infections are caused by Gram-positive, Gram-negative organisms and anaerobes in adults and in children, usually by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus species. Individuals older than 15 years of age are more likely to harbor polymicrobial infections. Signs include diffuse lid edema with or without erythema, chemosis, proptosis, and ophthalmoplegia. It is an ocular emergency requiring admission, intravenous antibiotics, and sometimes surgical intervention. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the main modalities to identify the extent, route of spread from adjacent structures, and poor response to intravenous antibiotics and to confirm the presence of complications. If orbital cellulitis is secondary to sinus infection, drainage of pus and establishment of ventilation to the sinus are imperative. Loss of vision can occur due to orbital abscess, cavernous sinus thrombosis, optic neuritis, central retinal artery occlusion, and exposure keratopathy, and possible systemic sequelae include meningitis, intracranial abscess, osteomyelitis, and death. The article was written by authors after a thorough literature search in the PubMed-indexed journals.
Topics: Child; Young Adult; Humans; Orbital Cellulitis; Abscess; Orbit; Exophthalmos; Anti-Bacterial Agents
PubMed: 37417106
DOI: 10.4103/IJO.IJO_3283_22 -
Lab Animal May 2011Intravenous vascular access is technically challenging in the adult mouse and even more challenging in neonatal mice. The authors describe the technique of retro-orbital...
Intravenous vascular access is technically challenging in the adult mouse and even more challenging in neonatal mice. The authors describe the technique of retro-orbital injection of the venous sinus in the adult and neonatal mouse. This technique is a useful alternative to tail vein injection for the administration of non-tumorigenic compounds. The authors report that they have routinely used this technique in the adult mouse to administer volumes up to 150 μl without incident. Administration of retro-orbital injections is more challenging in neonatal mice but can reliably deliver volumes up to 10 μl.
Topics: Anesthesia; Animals; Animals, Newborn; Injections, Intravenous; Laboratory Animal Science; Mice; Orbit
PubMed: 21508954
DOI: 10.1038/laban0511-155 -
BMJ Case Reports Jun 2018A young male patient presented to our ocular emergency department with chief complaints of progressive pain, redness, diplopia and a right-sided face turn. Ocular...
A young male patient presented to our ocular emergency department with chief complaints of progressive pain, redness, diplopia and a right-sided face turn. Ocular examination revealed severely restricted extraocular movements along with retinal folds in the left eye. Initial orbital ultrasound and CT findings were equivocal; however, serology favoured an infective cause. Considering the endemicity of the disease and equivocal investigation findings, a diagnosis of orbital cysticercosis with an atypical presentation was made. The patient was managed medically with a combination of oral albendazole and steroids over a period of 6 weeks to achieve optimal results.
Topics: Adult; Albendazole; Antiprotozoal Agents; Cysticercosis; Diagnosis, Differential; Diplopia; Endemic Diseases; Eye Infections, Parasitic; Glucocorticoids; Humans; Male; Ocular Motility Disorders; Oculomotor Muscles; Orbit; Orbital Diseases; Prednisolone; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 29884714
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2017-224028 -
Ceska a Slovenska Oftalmologie :... 2020The aim of this article is to present the basics of traumatology in oculoplastic surgery and to review the literature about this topic. This review sums up the... (Review)
Review
The aim of this article is to present the basics of traumatology in oculoplastic surgery and to review the literature about this topic. This review sums up the problematic of injuries of the eyelid, lacrimal system and orbit. The most important types of trauma, their treatment options, and the most common complications are described. In majority of oculoplastic traumas, surgical reconstruction is the treatment of choice. The surgery is often performer immediately, but sometimes the reconstruction of eyelid and lacrimal injuries can be postponed up to 48 hours, if the immediate surgery is not possible. Although the recommendations from the literature on this topic are variable, most of the patients require at least local antibiotics, more complex traumas systemic antibiotics. Careful diagnostics and correctly performed surgical treatment, either only by ophthalmologist, or oculoplastic surgeon, or a multi-disciplinary team for more complex injuries, are the key to good functional and aesthetic results of the reconstruction.
Topics: Eyelids; Humans; Orbit; Plastic Surgery Procedures
PubMed: 33126805
DOI: 10.31348/2020/18 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2021The purpose of this article was to report a case of intraconal lacrimal gland tissue and to review the literature on lacrimal gland choristoma. The magnetic resonance... (Review)
Review
The purpose of this article was to report a case of intraconal lacrimal gland tissue and to review the literature on lacrimal gland choristoma. The magnetic resonance imaging findings of a biopsy-proven orbital case are also presented. A PubMed database search was performed using the key terms heterotopic, ectopic, aberrant, choristoma, and lacrimal gland to identify all the previously documented studies on lacrimal gland choristoma, in English, Spanish, and French. We classified the lacrimal gland choristoma cases classified according to the location of the lesions, clinical appearance, management, and outcome. The search targeting the period between 1887 and 2019 returned 79 articles, which were reviewed. We found a total of 113 cases of choristomas with normal lacrimal gland tissue. Only two of them were not associated with the eye or its adnexa while the remaining 111 lesions were found either on the ocular surface (n=46) or in the orbit (n=34). Intraocular choristomas were found in 18 patients, and the rest of the lesions were noted either on the eyelids (n=10) or in the lacrimal drainage system (n=3). Orbital and intraocular choristomas are the most harmful lesions as orbital choristomas are frequently associated with permanent diplopia while intraocular lacrimal gland choristomas have a poor visual prognosis and are a common cause of enucleation of the eye. In one of the reported cases, a corneal lacrimal gland choristoma had been experimentally induced by activating the FGF10 signaling pathway. Lacrimal gland choristomas are not uncommon. This peculiar type of lesion has been experimentally induced and may appear in a variety of locations associated with the globe and its adnexa.
Topics: Choristoma; Cornea; Humans; Lacrimal Apparatus; Orbit
PubMed: 35416898
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20220029 -
Medical Ultrasonography Jun 2011Ultrasonography (US) is, quite often, the first imaging modality used in eye and orbit assessment. The indications of ophthalmic US cover a wide range of disease where... (Review)
Review
Ultrasonography (US) is, quite often, the first imaging modality used in eye and orbit assessment. The indications of ophthalmic US cover a wide range of disease where direct clinical assessment is impossible or of little value. Doppler US enhances the ability to assess blood flow in the main arteries and veins. In order to take full advantage of all the possibilities US has to offer the examiner thorough knowledge of the examination technique and normal US anatomy of the eye and orbit is required. This paper reviews the basics of the examination technique and ultrasound anatomy of the eye and orbit.
Topics: Eye; Humans; Orbit; Ultrasonography, Doppler
PubMed: 21655546
DOI: No ID Found -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Dec 2023In this case report, two patients were initially presented with orbital symptoms due to undiagnosed sinonasal disease. An eight-year-old girl was suspected of preseptal...
In this case report, two patients were initially presented with orbital symptoms due to undiagnosed sinonasal disease. An eight-year-old girl was suspected of preseptal cellulitis due to swelling and redness around the right eye for a month. MRI of the orbit showed a change in the orbit suspected to be a tumour. Regression in symptoms was seen after three months and a mucocele was suspected. The other patient was a 57-year-old woman suspected of left-side acute dacryocystitis with a palpable mass above the medial canthus for a month. MRI was performed due to atypical presentation and showed tumour changes originating from the ethmoid sinus.
Topics: Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Child; Orbit; Head; Neoplasms
PubMed: 38105733
DOI: No ID Found -
Indian Journal of Ophthalmology May 2016Fungal infections of the orbit can lead to grave complications. Although the primary site of inoculation of the infective organism is frequently the sinuses, the... (Review)
Review
Fungal infections of the orbit can lead to grave complications. Although the primary site of inoculation of the infective organism is frequently the sinuses, the patients can initially present to the ophthalmologist with ocular signs and symptoms. Due to its varied and nonspecific clinical features, especially in the early stages, patients are frequently misdiagnosed and even treated with steroids which worsen the situation leading to dire consequences. Ophthalmologists should be familiar with the clinical spectrum of disease and the variable presentation of this infection, as early diagnosis and rapid institution of appropriate therapy are crucial elements in the management of this invasive sino-orbital infection. In this review, relevant clinical, microbiological, and imaging findings are discussed along with the current consensus on local and systemic management. We review the recent literature and provide a comprehensive analysis. In the immunocompromised, as well as in healthy patients, a high index of suspicion must be maintained as delay in diagnosis of fungal pathology may lead to disfiguring morbidity or even mortality. Obtaining adequate diagnostic material for pathological and microbiological examination is critical. Newer methods of therapy, particularly oral voriconazole and topical amphotericin B, may be beneficial in selected patients.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Eye Infections, Fungal; Humans; Orbit; Orbital Diseases
PubMed: 27380972
DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.185588 -
The Veterinary Clinics of North... Dec 1994Most ocular and orbital injuries or acute ocular inflammation in horses result in similar signs of adnexal swelling, photophobia, blepharospasm, and lacrimation. It is... (Review)
Review
Most ocular and orbital injuries or acute ocular inflammation in horses result in similar signs of adnexal swelling, photophobia, blepharospasm, and lacrimation. It is hoped that detailed examination and the suggestions in this article will enable veterinarians attending horses having ocular emergencies to arrive at a correct diagnosis and appropriate therapy.
Topics: Animals; Emergencies; Eye Diseases; Eye Injuries; Horse Diseases; Horses; Orbit
PubMed: 7704821
DOI: 10.1016/s0749-0739(17)30349-8 -
Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive... 2019To review the clinical features of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas of the urinary tract among cases reported in the literature, and to... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
To review the clinical features of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas of the urinary tract among cases reported in the literature, and to describe a case of orbital metastasis from bladder cancer presenting as apparent internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
METHODS
Case reports of orbital and choroidal metastases from urothelial carcinomas published in the literature from 1965 to 2018 were reviewed. Data collected included patient demographics, cancer stage and primary site, time to onset of ocular symptoms, length of presenting ocular symptoms, types of primary ocular symptoms, diagnostic imaging, histology, systemic and ocular treatments, and survival time.
RESULTS
Twenty-eight cases of urothelial carcinoma with metastasis to the orbit or choroid were reviewed. Men were significantly more likely to suffer from this condition than women (p = 0.011). The average age of presentation with orbital symptoms was 63 years, with an average time of 19 months between primary cancer diagnosis and onset of orbital symptoms. Twenty-two patients had metastasis to the orbit and 6 to the choroid. In 4 cases, ocular deficits secondary to orbital and/or choroidal metastases were the initial presenting symptoms in patients with previously undiagnosed urothelial carcinoma. The most commonly noted primary ocular symptoms and signs consisted of decreased visual acuity, decreased ocular motility, proptosis, and diplopia. Average survival from onset of ocular symptoms was 4.67 months.
CONCLUSIONS
Urothelial carcinoma may metastasize to the orbit or choroid; furthermore, its presentation may mimic internuclear ophthalmoplegia. It is recommended that any patient with visual symptoms and known urothelial cancer should undergo expedited workup for metastatic disease.
Topics: Biopsy; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell; Humans; Neoplasm Staging; Orbit; Orbital Neoplasms; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Urologic Neoplasms
PubMed: 30489454
DOI: 10.1097/IOP.0000000000001256