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European Journal of Ophthalmology Jan 2022Parapapillary atrophy is one of the parameters of the optic nerve head area which are assessed during the ophthalmoscopic examination particularly useful to characterize... (Review)
Review
Parapapillary atrophy is one of the parameters of the optic nerve head area which are assessed during the ophthalmoscopic examination particularly useful to characterize glaucomatous optic neuropathy. Optical coherence tomography evaluation provides high-resolution images of the optic nerve head and surrounding area, and can be used to study parapapillary atrophy. Different parapapillary atrophy zones were described depending on their histological features and research has been conducted to investigate the possible association between the presence and/ or size of parapapillary atrophy zones and several optic nerve disorders. In this review we discuss the histology and the clinical findings related to parapapillary atrophy in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy, non-glaucomatous optic neuropathies (e.g. arteritic and non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathies; suprasellar and parasellar tumors), and other ocular conditions (e.g. high myopia; age-related macular degeneration). Two different histologic classifications were identified. Parapapillary atrophy was demonstrated in glaucoma and glaucoma-like neuropathies, but not in other types of optic nerve disorders.
Topics: Atrophy; Glaucoma; Humans; Optic Atrophy; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 34761686
DOI: 10.1177/11206721211060655 -
Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology Jul 2019Embryonic development of the vertebrate eye begins with the formation of an optic vesicle which folds inwards to form a double-layered optic cup with a fissure on the... (Review)
Review
Embryonic development of the vertebrate eye begins with the formation of an optic vesicle which folds inwards to form a double-layered optic cup with a fissure on the ventral surface, known as the optic fissure. Closure of the optic fissure is essential for subsequent growth and development of the eye. A defect in this process can leave a gap in the iris, retina or optic nerve, known as a coloboma, which can lead to severe visual impairment. This review brings together current information about genes and pathways regulating fissure closure from human coloboma patients and animal models. It focuses especially on current understanding of the morphological changes and processes of epithelial remodelling occurring at the fissure margins.
Topics: Animals; Coloboma; Eye; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental; Humans; Morphogenesis; Optic Disk; Signal Transduction; Vision Disorders
PubMed: 29198497
DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.10.010 -
Journal of Neuro-ophthalmology : the... Jun 2023
Topics: Humans; Papilledema; Optic Disk
PubMed: 37184970
DOI: 10.1097/WNO.0000000000001842 -
Ophthalmology Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Intraocular Pressure
PubMed: 36229273
DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.08.016 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Oftalmologia 2022Evaluation of the optic disc is important for the correct diagnosis and follow-up of optic neuropathies, especially glaucoma. The characteristics of the optic disc... (Review)
Review
Evaluation of the optic disc is important for the correct diagnosis and follow-up of optic neuropathies, especially glaucoma. The characteristics of the optic disc depend on various factors, including demographic and population aspects, and analysis of these characteristics may vary according to the methods used. The size and format of the neural rim along with the nerve fiber layer are important to the clinician's judgment regarding the susceptibility of the subject to develop glaucoma. In this study, we reviewed the literature to summarize the main methods and its characteristics in the evaluation of the optic nerve head.
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Glaucoma; Optic Nerve Diseases
PubMed: 35170637
DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.20220080 -
Journal Francais D'ophtalmologie Sep 2019Congenital abnormalities of the optic disc are not uncommon in clinical practice and should be recognized. Size abnormalities of the optic disc include optic disc... (Review)
Review
Congenital abnormalities of the optic disc are not uncommon in clinical practice and should be recognized. Size abnormalities of the optic disc include optic disc aplasia, hypoplasia, megalopapilla, and optic disc cupping in prematurity. Among congenital excavations of the optic disc head, morning glory disc anomaly and optic disc pit can be complicated by serous retinal detachment; the papillorenal disc is an association of bilateral optic disc cupping and renal hypoplasia which should be ruled out; optic disc coloboma is caused by an abnormal closure of the embryonic fissure and can be complicated by choroidal neovascularization and retinal detachment. Other abnormalities that will be discussed are congenital tilted disc syndrome, duplicity of the optic disc head, congenital pigmentation of the optic disc head and myelinated retinal nerve fibers. All of these abnormalities can be associated with syndromes and neurological diseases, as well as other potentially blinding ophthalmological defects which can be secondarily complicated by amblyopia, strabismus and nystagmus. Thus, they should be recognized in order to plan for appropriate follow-up.
Topics: Coloboma; Eye Abnormalities; Humans; Optic Disk; Optic Nerve
PubMed: 30935696
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfo.2018.09.011 -
International Ophthalmology Jul 2022Methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine abusers were compared with healthy subjects using optical coherence tomography to assess their retinal nerve fiber layer,...
PURPOSE
Methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine abusers were compared with healthy subjects using optical coherence tomography to assess their retinal nerve fiber layer, macula, and optic disk characteristics.
METHODS
Forty-one methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine abusers and 42 healthy subjects (mean ± SD of age: 35.82 ± 8.6 and 37.76 ± 9.1 years, respectively) were incorporated in this cross-sectional study. The drug abusers had a history of at least five years of substance use through smoking. Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography was used to image and assess the characteristics of retinal nerve fiber layer, macular thickness, and optic disk in the study groups.
RESULTS
The retinal nerve fiber layer thickness was significantly lower in the superior and temporal retinal quadrants of drug abusers than healthy subjects (P = 0.008 and P = 0.028, respectively). This study did not find a significant difference between drug abusers and healthy controls regarding optic to disk ratio, rim area, and disk area (P > 0.05). The comparison between the study groups showed that the reductions in perifovea and the superior quadrant of parafoveal thickness were statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P = 0.029, respectively).
CONCLUSION
Fourier-domain optical coherence tomography measurements showed that the retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness were different between methamphetamine and crystal methamphetamine abusers and healthy subjects, which should be considered in clinical practice. It seems that these drug abuses can cause alterations in retinal morphology.
Topics: Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Humans; Macula Lutea; Methamphetamine; Nerve Fibers; Optic Disk; Retinal Ganglion Cells; Tomography, Optical Coherence
PubMed: 35188605
DOI: 10.1007/s10792-021-02200-6 -
JAMA Ophthalmology Sep 2023
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Situs Inversus
PubMed: 37733047
DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2023.1068 -
Optometry and Vision Science : Official... Jul 2020Although the treatment of optic disc pit maculopathy is controversial, this review concludes that the most successful current intervention is pars plana vitrectomy with... (Review)
Review
Although the treatment of optic disc pit maculopathy is controversial, this review concludes that the most successful current intervention is pars plana vitrectomy with peeling of the internal limiting membrane and induction of posterior vitreous detachment.Initially described in 1882, an optic disc pit is a rare defect of the optic nerve. This anomaly can result in sight-threatening retinopathy in the form of macular detachment and/or schisis. Outlined in this review of the literature are the incidence, clinical presentation, ancillary testing, pathogenesis, and management of optic disc pits and optic disc pit maculopathy.
Topics: Epiretinal Membrane; Eye Abnormalities; Humans; Optic Disk; Retinal Diseases; Vitrectomy
PubMed: 32697561
DOI: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000001536 -
Computers in Biology and Medicine Sep 2023Glaucoma is a chronic disorder that harms the optic nerves and causes irreversible blindness. The calculation of optic cup (OC) to optic disc (OD) ratio plays an...
Glaucoma is a chronic disorder that harms the optic nerves and causes irreversible blindness. The calculation of optic cup (OC) to optic disc (OD) ratio plays an important role in the primary screening and diagnosis of glaucoma. Thus, automatic and precise segmentations of OD and OC is highly preferable. Recently, deep neural networks demonstrate remarkable progress in the OD and OC segmentation, however, they are severely hindered in generalizing across different scanners and image resolution. In this work, we propose a novel domain adaptation-based framework to mitigate the performance degradation in OD and OC segmentation. We first devise an effective transformer-based segmentation network as a backbone to accurately segment the OD and OC regions. Then, to address the issue of domain shift, we introduce domain adaptation into the learning paradigm to encourage domain-invariant features. Since the segmentation-based domain adaptation loss is insufficient for capturing segmentation details, we further propose an auxiliary classifier to enable the discrimination on segmentation details. Exhaustive experiments on three public retinal fundus image datasets, i.e., REFUGE, Drishti-GS and RIM-ONE-r3, demonstrate our superior performance on the segmentation of OD and OC. These results suggest that our proposal has great potential to be an important component for an automated glaucoma screening system.
Topics: Humans; Optic Disk; Glaucoma; Fundus Oculi; Optic Nerve; Neural Networks, Computer
PubMed: 37442009
DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107209