-
Medicine Nov 2022Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not... (Review)
Review
Frequently, periodontal health and it's associated oral biofilm has not been addressed in those patients who have systemic health issues, especially those who are not responding to medical treatment via their physician. Oral biofilm may be present in the periodontal sulcus in the absence of clinical disease of periodontal disease (bleeding on probing, gingival inflammation) and periodontal reaction is dependent on the patient's immune response to the associated bacterial and their byproducts. Increasing evidence has been emerging the past decade connecting oral biofilm with systemic conditions, either initiating them or complicating those medical conditions. The patient's health needs to be thought of as a whole-body system with connections that may originate in the oral cavity and have distant affects throughout the body. To maximize total health, a coordination in healthcare needs to be a symbiosis between the physician and dentist to eliminate the oral biofilm and aid in prevention of systemic disease or minimize those effects to improve the patient's overall health and quality of life. Various areas of systemic health have been associated with the bacteria and their byproducts in the oral biofilm. Those include cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, pulmonary disease, prostate cancer, colon cancer, pancreatic cancer, pre-term pregnancy, erectile dysfunction Alzheimer's disease and Rheumatoid arthritis. This article will discuss oral biofilm, its affects systemically and review the medical conditions associated with the oral systemic connection with an extensive review of the literature.
Topics: Humans; Male; Oral Health; Quality of Life; Biofilms; Mouth; Immunotherapy; Bacteria
PubMed: 36401454
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000030517 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2023Several dermatological conditions may manifest in the oral cavity, particularly those that are immune-mediated, and they must be distinguished from the various other... (Review)
Review
Several dermatological conditions may manifest in the oral cavity, particularly those that are immune-mediated, and they must be distinguished from the various other types of oral ulcerations. This chapter discusses the clinical features, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, and diagnostic features, including histology and immunofluorescence findings, as well as management of vesiculobullous diseases. These diseases include pemphigus Vulgaris, benign mucous membrane pemphigoid, bullous pemphigoid, and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. These diseases have a significant impact on the quality of life, as they can lead to serious complications, depending on the extent of the disease. Therefore, early recognition is crucial, helping to reduce disease-related morbidity, mortality and prevent life-threatening complications.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Pemphigoid, Bullous; Pemphigoid, Benign Mucous Membrane; Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita; Mouth
PubMed: 37019505
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2022.10.006 -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... May 2021Mouth gags have been in use since 1220 as a solution to the cumbersome limitations encountered when visibility and access to the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx are... (Review)
Review
Mouth gags have been in use since 1220 as a solution to the cumbersome limitations encountered when visibility and access to the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx are needed. The instruments being used today range from the simple but effective design of the bite block to the sophisticated and intricate design of the Feyh-Kastenbauer. This article highlights the most frequently used well-designed mouth gags and the applications for which they provide the most benefit. Disadvantages and risks of their use are explored, especially those that clinicians should be aware of for patient and operator safety.
Topics: Humans; Microsurgery; Mouth
PubMed: 33685788
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.01.003 -
Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging :... Apr 2021Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the complex anatomy and pathology of the oral cavity. In this article, an overview of MRI... (Review)
Review
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice to evaluate the complex anatomy and pathology of the oral cavity. In this article, an overview of MRI findings of common benign lesions in the oral cavity including congenital, vascular, and inflammatory/infectious lesions will be reviewed. In addition, MRI findings of common benign and malignant oral cavity tumors will be presented.
Topics: Contrast Media; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth
PubMed: 33828060
DOI: 10.1097/RMR.0000000000000278 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic... (Review)
Review
Pyogenic granuloma (PG) is a benign vascular lesion found predominantly in the oral cavity. Characterized by rapid growth and propensity to bleed, PG presents diagnostic challenges due to its similarity and alarming proliferation. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and management of oral PG, with emphasis on recent advances in diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. The epidemiology of the injury is meticulously analyzed, revealing a higher incidence in women and a wide range of ages of onset. It delves into the etiopathogenesis, highlighting the uncertainty surrounding the exact causal factors, although historical attributions suggest an infectious origin. It exhaustively analyzes the clinical and histopathological aspects of oral PG, offering information on its various presentations and the importance of an accurate diagnosis to guide effective treatment. It details treatment strategies, emphasizing the personalized approach based on individual patient characteristics. This comprehensive review consolidates current knowledge on oral PG, highlighting the need for further research to clarify its pathogenesis and optimize treatment protocols.
Topics: Humans; Female; Granuloma, Pyogenic; Mouth Mucosa; Mouth
PubMed: 38069207
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316885 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2021The oral cavity is a complex environment constantly exposed to antigens from food and the oral microbiota. Innate immune cells play an essential role in maintaining... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a complex environment constantly exposed to antigens from food and the oral microbiota. Innate immune cells play an essential role in maintaining health and homeostasis in the oral environment. However, these cells also play a significant role in disease progression. This review will focus on two innate phagocytes in the oral cavity: macrophages and neutrophils, and examine their roles during homeostasis and disease development, with a focus on periodontal disease and cancer. Macrophages have a well-known ability to polarize and be activated towards a variety of phenotypes. Several studies have found that macrophages' polarization changes can play an essential role in maintaining health in the oral cavity and contribute to disease. Recent data also finds that neutrophils display phenotypic heterogeneity in the oral cavity. In both cases, we focus on what is known about how these cellular changes alter these immune cells' interactions with the oral microbiota, including how such changes can lead to worsening, rather than improving, disease states.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Macrophage Activation; Macrophages; Microbiota; Mouth; Mouth Neoplasms; Neutrophils; Periodontal Diseases
PubMed: 35069541
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768479 -
Clinical Oral Investigations Jun 2023This study aims to review the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2- and other viral upper respiratory tract infections. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This study aims to review the role of the oral cavity in SARS-CoV-2- and other viral upper respiratory tract infections.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data reviewed in the text have been researched online and also reflect personal expertise.
RESULTS
Numerous respiratory and other viruses replicate in the oral cavity and are transmitted via aerosols (< 5 µm) and droplets (> 5 µm). SARS-CoV-2 replication has been documented in the upper airways as well as in oral mucosa and salivary glands. These sites are also virus reservoirs that can infect other organs, e.g., the lungs and gastrointestinal tract, as well as other individuals. Laboratory diagnosis of viruses in the oral cavity and upper airways focuses on real-time PCR; antigen tests are less sensitive. For screening and monitoring infections, nasopharyngeal and oral swabs are tested; saliva is a good and more comfortable alternative. Physical means like social distancing or masks have been proven successful to reduce the risk of infection. Both wet-lab and clinical studies confirm that mouth rinses are effective against SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses. Antiviral mouth rinses can inactivate all viruses that replicate in the oral cavity.
CONCLUSIONS
The oral cavity plays an important role in viral infections of the upper respiratory tract: it serves as a portal of entry, a site of replication, and a source of infection by droplets and aerosols. Physical means but also antiviral mouth rinses can help reduce the spread of viruses and contribute to infection control.
Topics: Humans; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; Mouthwashes; Respiratory Aerosols and Droplets; Virus Diseases; Mouth; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37310513
DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05078-z -
Clinics in Geriatric Medicine May 2023Aspiration pneumonia (AP), inflammation of the lung parenchyma initiated by aspirated microorganisms into the lower airways from proximal sites, including the oral... (Review)
Review
Aspiration pneumonia (AP), inflammation of the lung parenchyma initiated by aspirated microorganisms into the lower airways from proximal sites, including the oral cavity, is prevalent in, and problematic for, the elderly, especially those in institutions, and for those with several important risk factors. Many factors influence the pathogenesis of AP, including dysphagia, poor oral hygiene, diminished host defense, and underlying medical conditions. This article reviews the epidemiology, microbiology, pathogenesis, and prevention of AP, focusing on the role of poor oral health as a risk factor for, and on dental care for the prevention and management of, this important infection.
Topics: Humans; Aged; Oral Health; Pneumonia, Aspiration; Mouth; Risk Factors; Deglutition Disorders
PubMed: 37045532
DOI: 10.1016/j.cger.2023.01.010 -
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of... Feb 2022MR imaging is the modality of choice in the evaluation of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Routine postcontrast MR imaging is important for the accurate... (Review)
Review
MR imaging is the modality of choice in the evaluation of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer. Routine postcontrast MR imaging is important for the accurate localization and characterization of the locoregional extension of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers. The anatomy of the oral cavity and oropharynx is complex; accurate interpretation is vital for description of the extension of the masses. Understanding the new changes in the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system. MR imaging is the imaging modality of choice for detection of perineural spread.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Mouth; Neoplasm Staging; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms
PubMed: 34802580
DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2021.07.002 -
Biochemistry and Cell Biology =... Feb 2021The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic... (Review)
Review
The oral cavity is a non-uniform, extraordinary environment characterized by mucosal, epithelial, abiotic surfaces and secretions as saliva. Aerobic and anaerobic commensal and pathogenic microorganisms colonize the tongue, teeth, jowl, gingiva, and periodontium. Commensals exert an important role in host defenses, while pathogenic microorganisms can nullify this protective function causing oral and systemic diseases. Every day, 750-1000 mL of saliva, containing several host defense constituents including lactoferrin (Lf), are secreted and swallowed. Lf is a multifunctional iron-chelating cationic glycoprotein of innate immunity. Depending on, or regardless of its iron-binding ability, Lf exerts bacteriostatic, bactericidal, antibiofilm, antioxidant, antiadhesive, anti-invasive, and anti-inflammatory activities. Here, we report the protective role of Lf in different oral pathologies, such as xerostomia, halitosis, alveolar or maxillary bone damage, gingivitis, periodontitis, and black stain. Unlike antibiotic therapy, which is ineffective against bacteria that are within a biofilm, adherent, or intracellular, the topical administration of Lf, through its simultaneous activity against microbial replication, biofilms, adhesion, and invasiveness, as well as inflammation, has been proven to be efficient in the treatment of all known oral pathologies without any adverse effects.
Topics: Administration, Topical; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Biofilms; Humans; Inflammation; Lactoferrin; Mouth
PubMed: 32213143
DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0052