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Seminars in Respiratory and Critical... Feb 2020Hyaline molds, widely distributed in nature, are an important and increasing cause of invasive fungal infections in humans, likely due to an expanding population of... (Review)
Review
Hyaline molds, widely distributed in nature, are an important and increasing cause of invasive fungal infections in humans, likely due to an expanding population of immunosuppressed hosts, increases in antifungal resistance, and improvements in laboratory diagnostics. Sinopulmonary disease and disseminated infection are common manifestations in neutropenic patients and transplant recipients, whereas, catheter-related and localized soft tissue infections predominate in immunocompetent hosts. These organisms are not reliably differentiated based on their morphology in tissue; rather, efforts should be made to establish a microbiologic diagnosis via culture or molecular-based methods to guide antifungal management and inform prognosis. Herein, we review the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management of these opportunistic pathogens known to cause hyalohyphomycoses: spp., , spp., spp., , spp., spp., , , and species.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungi; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Invasive Fungal Infections; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Transplant Recipients
PubMed: 32000288
DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3401989 -
Food Science & Nutrition Mar 2022This study updates the mycobiota resident in groundnut seeds, their phenology during storage with the view to ascertain their occurrence, potential toxigenic species,...
This study updates the mycobiota resident in groundnut seeds, their phenology during storage with the view to ascertain their occurrence, potential toxigenic species, and pathologically important species in the stored samples. The moisture content of the seeds ranged from 5.7% to 6.5% within the stipulated safe moisture content of 8% for extension of shelf life. Culturing the seeds on mycological media (Sabouraud's Dextrose Agar SDA; Oxytetracycline Glucose Yeast Extract OGYE, Potato Dextrose Agar, PDA) caused a de novo growth of the quiescent spores at 28-30°C for 7-14 days. Fungal population counts on the three media ranged from 2.01 to 2.16 log CFU/g samples to a final 6-month count of 1.67-2.60 log CFU/g. Eighteen different fungal species belonging to ten genera were encountered on the media, namely , and . . (, and were the most frequently isolated, followed by , and and and , and . The species which were seed borne , and were isolated on both surface sterilized and non-surface sterilized seeds. The phenology of the encountered fungal species generally followed five patterns. The most frequently isolated , and predominated throughout the 6 months sampling period, while and appeared sporadically and disappeared. The early colonizers (, and ) could not be isolated after 2-3 months owing presumably to stronger antibiosis competition from the species. The most predominant species initially constituted 36%-48% of the total population but declined to 10%-36% in 6 months. Mycobiota encountered with mycotoxigenic potential and human health importance were , and . Other species of pathological importance to plants were and . The practical implications of these findings are discussed.
PubMed: 35311164
DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2719 -
Nutrients Jul 2022, a fungal strain isolated from natural , contains similar pharmacologically active components, has been used widely as a substitute of in functional food and medicine....
, a fungal strain isolated from natural , contains similar pharmacologically active components, has been used widely as a substitute of in functional food and medicine. However, the components and anti-fatigue effects of spores and their mechanisms of action are largely unknown. Here, we compared the chemical composition in spore (HPS) and mycelium (HPM) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry analysis. We found 85 metabolites with significant differences, and HPS contains more L-Malic acid, Oxalacetic acid, Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and L-Arginine than HPM. Then we evaluated their anti-fatigue effects and regulatory effects on the gut microbiota in mice. The forced swimming time (SW) was only significantly increased in HPS groups: the high and low dose of the HPS group was 101% and 72% longer than the control group, respectively. Both HPS and HPM treatment decreased lactic acid, blood urea nitrogen, creatine kinase while increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels in the blood. Moreover, mice treated with HPS and HPM showed less skeletal muscle fiber spacing and breakage. The relative abundance of , , , , and in the gut microbiota of the HPS group was higher than that in the HPM group through 16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis. These changes may be related to the regulation of nucleotide, amino acid, and carbohydrate metabolism. Correlation analysis between the gut microbiota and fatigue-related indicators suggested that , , , , and were positively correlated with the SW and LDH content. Our findings demonstrated that HPS has beneficial anti-fatigue effects by regulating gut microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Mice; Paecilomyces; Powders; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Spores
PubMed: 35889929
DOI: 10.3390/nu14142973 -
International Journal of Biological... May 2022This study investigated the supramolecular structure features and immunomodulatory effects of two exopolysaccharide fractions (EPS1 and EPS2) from Paecilomyces cicada...
Supramolecular structure features and immunomodulatory effects of exopolysaccharide from Paecilomyces cicadae TJJ1213 in RAW264.7 cells through NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.
This study investigated the supramolecular structure features and immunomodulatory effects of two exopolysaccharide fractions (EPS1 and EPS2) from Paecilomyces cicada TJJ1213 in vitro. AFM images revealed that EPS1 and EPS2 displayed different morphological features at different concentrations. Congo red and XRD assay further proved that EPS1 and EPS2 mainly exhibited amorphous structure with random coil conformation in solution. Furthermore, the immunomodulatory effect of EPSs was investigated on RAW264.7 cells. Results showed that EPS1 and EPS2 could enhance the phagocytic activity and induce the NO production and could also significantly up-regulate the mRNA expression of iNOS, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ and IL-4. Western blot assay analysis demonstrated that EPSs increased protein expression of TLR4 and the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p50/p65. Additionally, the phosphorylation levels of MAPKs proteins (p38, ERK and JNK) were also remarkably increased. Thus, EPSs could active TLR4-NF-κB/MAPKs signaling pathways to exert the immunomodulatory effect on macrophages.
Topics: Animals; Cordyceps; Lipopolysaccharides; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; NF-kappa B; RAW 264.7 Cells; Toll-Like Receptor 4
PubMed: 35278511
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.029 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2021The genus is known for its potential application in the control of pests and diseases; however, its use in agriculture is limited to few species. Research interest in...
The genus is known for its potential application in the control of pests and diseases; however, its use in agriculture is limited to few species. Research interest in new formulations based on microorganisms for the control of pathogens is growing exponentially; therefore, it is necessary to study new isolates, which may help control diseases effectively, and to examine their compatibility with established agricultural control methods. We analysed in vitro and in vivo the antagonistic capacity of against seven phytopathogens with a high incidence in different crops, and we examined its compatibility with 24 commercial fungicides. was applied in the following pathosystems: melon, pepper, -tomato, zucchini, melon, -melon, and zucchini. The results showed strong control effects on and , reducing the disease severity index by 78% and 76%, respectively. The reduction in disease severity in the other pathosystems ranged from 29% to 44%. However, application of metabolites alone did not cause any significant effect on mycelial growth of phytopathogens, apart from , in which up to 12% inhibition was observed in vitro when the extract was applied at a concentration of 15% in the medium. was compatible with most of the tested fungicides, and of the 24 fungicides tested at the maximum authorised dose, 6 acted as fungicides, 4 as fungistatics, and the remaining showed inhibition rates ranging from 18.2% to 95.8%. These results indicate that is a potential biological control agent to be used against several aerial and soil diseases, thus it should be integrated into modern pest management strategies.
PubMed: 34073454
DOI: 10.3390/jof7060415 -
Archives of Microbiology Jan 2023Crude oil pollution is one of the most arduous issues to address, as it is hazardous to both public health and the environment. The discovery of novel...
Crude oil pollution is one of the most arduous issues to address, as it is hazardous to both public health and the environment. The discovery of novel biosurfactants-producing fungi and bacteria is in high demand due to their excellent properties and wide range of applications. The aim of this research is to isolate a powerful biosurfactant-producing fungus from the crude oil site near Barauni oil refinery in Bihar, India. Standard protocols were used to collect samples from the site. An integrative taxonomic approach was used, which included morphological, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis. The use of plating samples on Bushnell-Hass (BH) media aided in the isolation of a fungal strain from an enrichment culture. Two fungal strains isolated from contaminated soils, Penicillium citrinum and Paecilomyces variotti, showed potent oil degrading activity in a single culture. For preliminary biosurfactants screening, drop collapse assays, oil spreading, and emulsification activity tests were used. The results showed that the cultures performed well in the screening test and were further evaluated for degradation capacity. Different treatment periods (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days) were used to observe degradation in single cultures. A steady drop in pH, an alteration in optical density and an increase in carbon dioxide release showed the ability of fungal strain to degrade the crude oil in a single culture. Fungi mycelia provide a larger surface area for absorption and degradation of the pollutants in contaminated environment. They produce extracellular enzymes to degrade the oil, and at the same time absorb and utilise carbon, allowing them to remove toxic substances from the oil. Thus, they could be candidates for bioremediation of a hydrocarbon-contaminated site.
Topics: Phylogeny; Eurotiales; Biodegradation, Environmental; Petroleum; Hydrocarbons
PubMed: 36598589
DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03383-x -
Persoonia Jun 2020Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , from marine sediment sand. , (incl. gen. nov.) from soil. , , , ,...
Novel species of fungi described in this study include those from various countries as follows: , from marine sediment sand. , (incl. gen. nov.) from soil. , , , , and from soil, from leaves of , on leaf litter of , and on soil, on , on soil, from leaves of , from leaves of , from leaves of , from soil associated with dying , from soil, on soil, on leaf litter, on leaf spots of . , on collar rot and stem of , on fallen branch of , from , from soil. , in soil. , from leaves of , and on leaf litter. , on leaf litter. , from indoor chestnut mill. , on soil, on dead needles of , on insects' frass. , from saline water. , from freshwater. , from , as endophyte from , from dates fruit, from swamp. , on soil. , , , and (incl. gen. nov.) from leaves of , from leaves of sp., from skin of human patient, from leaves of , and on leaf litter of , from soil, on soil, from leaves of , (incl. gen. nov.) from plant debris, in calcareus soil, in calcareus soil. , on corticated wood, from leaves of unknown , on branch lesions of , from heartwood of sp. , from leaves of , from air, (incl. gen. nov.) from leaves of , from a human skin sample, (incl. gen. nov.) on outside wall of alcohol distillery, from leaves of , (incl. gen. nov.) from leaves of , from air, from leaves of leaf spots of . , on branches of and on rotten wood. Morphological and culture characteristics are supported by DNA barcodes.
PubMed: 33116344
DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2020.44.11 -
Fitoterapia Apr 2023A new hybrid sorbicillinoid named paeciureallin (1) and a new monomeric sorbicillinoid named paecillyketide (2), along with six known analogues (3-8), were isolated from...
A new hybrid sorbicillinoid named paeciureallin (1) and a new monomeric sorbicillinoid named paecillyketide (2), along with six known analogues (3-8), were isolated from the rhizospheric soil-derived fungus Paecilomyces sp. KMU21009 associated with Delphinium yunnanense. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature values. Paeciureallin (1) is the first example of hybrid sorbicillinoids possessing a rare sorbicillinoid urea unit and containing a β-D-ribofuranose functionality. In pharmacological studies, compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for in vitro anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Paeciureallin (1) exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against SW480 and A549 cell lines, and the IC values were 32.0 ± 0.1 and 34.4 ± 2.0 μM, respectively.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Paecilomyces; Antineoplastic Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 36736743
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105443 -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Oct 2022There is no standardized process for utilization of periodic acid-Schiff during intraoperative frozen sections to identify fungal organisms.
CONTEXT.—
There is no standardized process for utilization of periodic acid-Schiff during intraoperative frozen sections to identify fungal organisms.
OBJECTIVE.—
To develop a rapid staining process for fresh tissue with periodic acid-Schiff during intraoperative consultation and develop an appropriate control block.
DESIGN.—
Muscle tissue was inoculated with 2 species of fungus (Aspergillus fumigatus and Paecilomyces spp) and grown at 3 different temperatures for 72 hours. Inoculated tissue was embedded in optimal cutting temperature compound, cut, and stained using a modified periodic acid-Schiff stain. The optimal control was determined for future use as the standard control. Multiple control slides were cut and stained, using successively shorter time intervals for each step. The staining process that provided accurate results in the shortest amount of time was deemed ultra-rapid periodic acid-Schiff. This method was validated by carryover studies and clinical specimens.
RESULTS.—
Paecilomyces spp incubated at 30°C for 72 hours was the most optimal positive control, with numerous yeast and hyphal forms. The fastest staining process involved 2 minutes of periodic acid and Schiff reagent and 10 dips of light green solution. Tap water was as effective as distilled water. Validation was successfully achieved. Clinical cases all stained identical to formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff.
CONCLUSIONS.—
Ultra-rapid periodic acid-Schiff provides fast and reliable identification of fungal organisms on fresh tissue. Development of a concurrent positive control allows for quality control and validation.
Topics: Coloring Agents; Eosine Yellowish-(YS); Formaldehyde; Frozen Sections; Fungi; Hematoxylin; Humans; Methyl Green; Periodic Acid; Staining and Labeling; Water
PubMed: 35104313
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0273-OA -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022High temperature negatively affects reproductive process significantly, leading to tremendous losses in crop quality and yield. Zhinengcong (ZNC), a crude extract from...
High temperature negatively affects reproductive process significantly, leading to tremendous losses in crop quality and yield. Zhinengcong (ZNC), a crude extract from the endophytic fungus , has been shown to improve plant growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. We show here that ZNC can also alleviate heat stress-induced reproductive defects in , such as short-term heat-induced inhibition on pollen viability, germination and tube growth, and long-term heat stress-induced pollen developmental defects. We further demonstrated that ZNC alleviates heat stress by downregulating the expressions of ROS production-related genes, RBOHs, and upregulating antioxidant related genes and the activities of the corresponding enzymes, thus preventing the over accumulation of heat-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in anther, pollen grain and pollen tube. Furthermore, spraying application of ZNC onto tomato plants under long-term heat stress promotes fruit and seed bearing in the field. In summary, plant endophytic fungus extract ZNC promotes the reproductive process and yield of tomato plants under heat stress and presents excellent potential in agricultural applications.
PubMed: 36092397
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.977881