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Journal of Infection and Public Health Apr 2023Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect epithelial cells of human beings, and their replication cycle is associated with epithelial differentiation. More than 200 genotypes... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) infect epithelial cells of human beings, and their replication cycle is associated with epithelial differentiation. More than 200 genotypes of HPVs were identified, and each of these HPVs shows distinct specificity for tissues and infection. HPV infection was involved in the development of lesions on the feet, genital warts and hands. The evidence of HPV infection revealed the role of HPVs in neck and head squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal cancer, cervical cancer, head and neck cancer, brain and lung tumours. The independent traditional risk factors, various clinical outcomes, and increased prevalence among certain populations and geographical regions have led increasing interest in HPV infection. The mode of HPVs transmission remains unclear. Moreover, in recent years, vertical transmission of HPVs was reported. This review concludes present knowledge about HPV infection, virulence strains, clinical significance of HPVs, and mode of transmission, and vaccination strategies.
Topics: Female; Humans; Papillomavirus Infections; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomaviridae; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaccines; Papillomavirus Vaccines
PubMed: 36868166
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.02.014 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2020Diagnosed in more than 90% of cervical cancers, the fourth deadliest cancer in women, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common pathogen responsible for... (Review)
Review
Diagnosed in more than 90% of cervical cancers, the fourth deadliest cancer in women, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently the most common pathogen responsible for female cancers. Moreover, HPV infection is associated with many other diseases, including cutaneous and anogenital warts, and genital and upper aerodigestive tract cancers. The incidence and prevalence of these pathologies vary considerably depending on factors including HPV genotype, regional conditions, the study population, and the anatomical site sampled. Recently, features of the cervicovaginal microbiota are found to be associated with the incidence of HPV-related diseases, presenting a novel approach to identify high-risk women through both blood and cervical samples. Overall, the HPV repartition data show that HPV infection and related diseases are more prevalent in developing countries. Moreover, the available (2-, 4-, and 9-valent) vaccines based on virus-like particles, despite their proven effectiveness and safety, present some limitations in terms of system development cost, transport cold chain, and oncogenic HPV variants. In addition, vaccination programs face some challenges, leading to a considerable burden of HPV infection and related diseases. Therefore, even though the new (9-valent) vaccine seems promising, next-generation vaccines as well as awareness programs associated with HPV vaccination and budget reinforcements for immunization are needed.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 33553082
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.552028 -
Viruses Feb 2021Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in... (Review)
Review
Persistent infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) types is responsible for ~5% of human cancers. The HPV infectious cycle can sustain long-term infection in stratified epithelia because viral DNA is maintained as low copy number extrachromosomal plasmids in the dividing basal cells of a lesion, while progeny viral genomes are amplified to large numbers in differentiated superficial cells. The viral E1 and E2 proteins initiate viral DNA replication and maintain and partition viral genomes, in concert with the cellular replication machinery. Additionally, the E5, E6, and E7 proteins are required to evade host immune responses and to produce a cellular environment that supports viral DNA replication. An unfortunate consequence of the manipulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation is that cells become at high risk for carcinogenesis.
Topics: Animals; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33672465
DOI: 10.3390/v13020321 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2022Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are a group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses whose infection causes benign tumors or cancers. HPV16 and HPV18, the two most common high-risk HPVs, are responsible for ~70% of all HPV-related cervical cancers and head and neck cancers. The expression of the HPV genome is highly dependent on cell differentiation and is strictly regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Both HPV early and late transcripts differentially expressed in the infected cells are intron-containing bicistronic or polycistronic RNAs bearing more than one open reading frame (ORF), because of usage of alternative viral promoters and two alternative viral RNA polyadenylation signals. Papillomaviruses proficiently engage alternative RNA splicing to express individual ORFs from the bicistronic or polycistronic RNA transcripts. In this review, we discuss the genome structures and the updated transcription maps of HPV16 and HPV18, and the latest research advances in understanding RNA cis-elements, intron branch point sequences, and RNA-binding proteins in the regulation of viral RNA processing. Moreover, we briefly discuss the epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and possible APOBEC-mediated genome editing in HPV infections and carcinogenesis.
Topics: Alternative Splicing; Genome, Viral; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional; RNA, Viral
PubMed: 35563334
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094943 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Sep 2021Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are among the most effective vaccines available, the first to prevent infection by a mucosatropic sexually transmitted infectious...
Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are among the most effective vaccines available, the first to prevent infection by a mucosatropic sexually transmitted infectious agent and to do so without specific induction of mucosal immunity. Currently available prophylactic HPV vaccines are based on virus-like particles that self-assemble spontaneously from the L1 major capsid protein. The first HPV vaccine was licensed in 2006. All vaccines target HPV-16 and HPV-18, types which cause the majority of HPV-attributable cancers. As of 2020, HPV vaccines had been introduced into national immunization programs in more than 100 countries. Vaccination polices have evolved; most programs target vaccination of young adolescent girls, with an increasing number also including boys. The efficacy and safety found in prelicensure trials have been confirmed by data from national immunization programs. The dramatic impact and effectiveness observed has stimulated interest in ambitious disease reduction goals.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Male; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Vaccination
PubMed: 34590141
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa621 -
Pathobiology : Journal of... 2021Persistent infection with some types of mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological factor for the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions.... (Review)
Review
Persistent infection with some types of mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) is the etiological factor for the development of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Besides, several cofactors are known to play a role in cervical disease onset and progression either by favoring or by preventing HPV infection and persistence. The microbiome of a healthy female genital tract is characterized by the presence of 1 or few varieties of lactobacilli. However, high-throughput studies addressing the bacterial diversity and abundance in the female genital tract have shown that several factors, including hormonal levels, hygiene habits, and sexually transmitted diseases may disrupt the natural balance, favoring the outgrowth of some groups of bacteria, which in turn may favor some pathological states. Recently, the vaginal microbiome has emerged as a new variable that could greatly influence the natural history of HPV infections and their clinical impact. In this context, changes in the vaginal microbiome have been detected in women infected with HPV and women with HPV-associated lesions and cancer. However, the role of specific bacteria groups in the development/progression or prevention/regression of HPV-associated pathologies is not well understood. In this review we summarize the current knowledge concerning changes in vaginal microbiome and cervical disease. We discuss the potential functional interplay between specific bacterial groups and HPV infection outcomes.
Topics: Cervix Uteri; Female; Humans; Microbiota; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Persistent Infection; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vagina
PubMed: 33227782
DOI: 10.1159/000511477 -
Viruses Oct 2019Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma,... (Review)
Review
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the cause of a growing percentage of head and neck cancers (HNC); primarily, a subset of oral squamous cell carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The majority of HPV-associated head and neck cancers (HPV + HNC) are caused by HPV16; additionally, co-factors such as smoking and immunosuppression contribute to the progression of HPV + HNC by interfering with tumor suppressor miRNA and impairing mediators of the immune system. This review summarizes current studies on HPV + HNC, ranging from potential modes of oral transmission of HPV (sexual, self-inoculation, vertical and horizontal transmissions), discrepancy in the distribution of HPV + HNC between anatomical sites in the head and neck region, and to studies showing that HPV vaccines have the potential to protect against oral HPV infection (especially against the HPV types included in the vaccines). The review concludes with a discussion of major challenges in the field and prospects for the future: challenges in diagnosing HPV + HNC at early stages of the disease, measures to reduce discrepancy in the prevalence of HPV + HNC cases between anatomical sites, and suggestions to assess whether fomites/breast milk can transmit HPV to the oral cavity.
Topics: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Human papillomavirus 16; Humans; Immunosuppression Therapy; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Prevalence; Risk Factors; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Viral Tropism
PubMed: 31600915
DOI: 10.3390/v11100922 -
Viruses Dec 2021The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or... (Review)
Review
The human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, caused by a ubiquitous virus typically transmitted through the direct contact of infected organs, either through the skin or mucosa, is the most common sexually transmitted infection, placing young women at a high risk of contracting it. Although the vast majority of cases spontaneously clear within 1-2 years, persistent HPV infection remains a serious concern, as it has repeatedly been linked to the development of multiple malignancies, including cervical, anogenital, and oropharyngeal cancers. Additionally, more recent data suggest a harmful effect of HPV infection on pregnancy. As the maternal hormonal environment and immune system undergo significant changes during pregnancy, the persistence of HPV is arguably favored. Various studies have reported an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes among HPV-positive women, with the clinical impact encompassing a range of conditions, including preterm birth, miscarriage, pregnancy-induced hypertensive disorders (PIHD), intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), low birth weight, the premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and fetal death. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms employed by HPV that negatively impact pregnancy and assessing potential approaches to counteract them would be of interest in the quest to optimize pregnancy outcomes and improve child survival and health.
Topics: Animals; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Pregnancy Outcome
PubMed: 34960724
DOI: 10.3390/v13122455 -
International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2022Cervical cancer (CC) continues to be a major public health problem in Mexico, ranking second among cancers in women. A persistent infection with human papillomaviruses... (Review)
Review
Cervical cancer (CC) continues to be a major public health problem in Mexico, ranking second among cancers in women. A persistent infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) is the main risk factor for CC development. In addition, a significant fraction of other cancers including those of the anus, oropharynx, and penis are also related to HPV infection. In CC, HPV-16 is the most prevalent high-risk HPV type, followed by HPV-18, both being responsible for 70% of cases. HPV intratype variant lineages differ in nucleotide sequences by 1-10%, while sublineages differ by 0.5-1%. Several studies have postulated that the nucleotide changes that occur between HPV intratype variants are reflected in functional differences and in pathogenicity. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that HPV-16 and -18 intratype variants differentially affect molecular processes in infected cells, changing their biological behavior that finally impacts in the clinical outcome of patients. Mexico has participated in providing knowledge on the geographical distribution of intratype variants of the most prevalent HPVs in premalignant lesions of the cervix and cervical cancer, as well as in other HPV-related tumors. In addition, functional studies have been carried out to assess the cellular effects of intratype variations in HPV proteins. This review addresses the state of the art on the epidemiology of HPV-16 and HPV-18 intratype variants in the Mexican population, as well as their association with persistence, precancer and cervical cancer, and functional aspects related to their biological behavior.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Mexico; Molecular Biology; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 35955700
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158566 -
Veterinary and Comparative Oncology Mar 2021Papillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA viruses and induce hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal tissues in their various hosts, including many domestic... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses are oncogenic DNA viruses and induce hyperplastic benign lesions of both cutaneous and mucosal tissues in their various hosts, including many domestic and wild animals as well as humans. There are some Papillomavirus genotypes that can infect hosts different from their own, such as BPV 1 and BPV 2 originated from cattle, which can also infect horses and are responsible for fibroblastic tumours in horses. This review article summarizes the origin and evolution of papillomaviruses as an etiological agent in the historical process. The main focus in this review is the evaluation of the interactions between high-risk papillomavirus oncoproteins and programmed cell-death pathways. It further exemplifies the role of these interactions in the malignant cell transformation process. In parallel with this, the use and importance of the bovine model system to enlighten the papillomavirus-associated cancers is discussed with an in-depth examination. Furthermore, it focuses on the epidemiological situation of BPV infections in Turkey in the cattle herds.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Cell Differentiation; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 33084187
DOI: 10.1111/vco.12659