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Frontiers in Cellular and Infection... 2021
Topics: DNA, Viral; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 33777848
DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.638005 -
Virus Research Jun 2022Papillomaviruses (PV) have a wide distribution of hosts, among which human papillomavirus (HPV) has been recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer. HPV is... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses (PV) have a wide distribution of hosts, among which human papillomavirus (HPV) has been recognized as the major cause of cervical cancer. HPV is characterized by its high genetic variability with more than 200 genotypes identified, and numerous variants exist within the same genotype. Though phylogenetic incongruence between early gene and late gene of PVs was observed, the recombination in HPV was not taken seriously until the last two decades. The first report of evidence on HPV recombination was published in 2006, in which only intertypic ancient recombination events were identified. Since then, several publications on recombination in HPV provided evidence for intertypic as well as intratypic recombination. Recombination may create challenges on HPV genotyping and vaccination that could cause a great impact in screening and prevention of cervical cancer. Here, we review the literature on recombination and summarize the reasons underlying the difficulties for detecting recombination in HPV. In addition, we analyze the potential consequences of HPV recombination and make further prospects for clinical practice in the future.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Female; Genotype; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Phylogeny; Recombination, Genetic; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Viruses, Unclassified
PubMed: 35364119
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198756 -
Journal of the American Society of... 2024There are few medical success stories in history as significant as the reduction in cervical cancer incidence. Through the collaborative efforts of dedicated scientific... (Review)
Review
There are few medical success stories in history as significant as the reduction in cervical cancer incidence. Through the collaborative efforts of dedicated scientific pioneers, the past century has witnessed remarkable advancement that began with the detection of exfoliated cancer cells through cytologic examination to widespread implementation of cervical cancer screening programs to the discovery of the link between cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV). Current screening methods apply HPV-based testing, and artificial intelligence-based screening systems utilizing digitalized cytology images are being used in a continuous effort to optimize the accuracy and efficiency of the Papanicolaou test. This review summarizes the major milestones in cervical cancer screening history to emphasize its evolution as the World Health Organization aims for the global elimination of cervical cancer.
Topics: Female; Humans; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Vaginal Smears; Papillomavirus Infections; Early Detection of Cancer; Artificial Intelligence; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 37865567
DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2023.09.007 -
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2021Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has historically been attributable to tobacco and alcohol exposure and saw a decline in incidence after societal norms... (Review)
Review
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) has historically been attributable to tobacco and alcohol exposure and saw a decline in incidence after societal norms shifted away from smoking. In recent decades, this disease has had a re-emergence due to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, now surpassing cervical cancer as the number 1 cause of HPV-related cancer in the United States. HPV-positive OPSCC differs from HPV-negative disease in epidemiology, prognosis, treatment, and prevention. Additionally, there is a deficit in awareness of the causal relationship between HPV and OPSCC. This, coupled with low vaccination rates, puts primary care providers in a unique position to play a vital role in prevention and early diagnosis. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, screening, patient presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and prevention of HPV-positive OPSCC, with a focus on the primary care provider's role.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 34312276
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.04.200588 -
Journal of Medical Virology Oct 2023There has been an explosion in the number of papillomaviruses that have been identified and fully sequenced. Yet only a minute fraction of these has been studied in any... (Review)
Review
There has been an explosion in the number of papillomaviruses that have been identified and fully sequenced. Yet only a minute fraction of these has been studied in any detail. Most of our molecular research efforts have focused on the E6 and E7 proteins of "high-risk," cancer-associated human papillomaviruses (HPVs). Interactions of the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins with their respective cellular targets, the p53 and the retinoblastoma tumor suppressors, have been investigated in minute detail. Some have thus questioned if research on papillomaviruses remains an exciting and worthwhile area of investigation. However, fundamentally new insights on the biological activities and cellular targets of the high-risk HPV E6 and E7 proteins have been discovered and previously unstudied HPVs have been newly associated with human diseases. HPV infections continue to be an important cause of human morbidity and mortality and since there are no antivirals to combat HPV infections, research on HPVs should remain attractive to new investigators and biomedical funding agencies, alike.
Topics: Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; Papillomavirus Infections; Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae
PubMed: 37861365
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29191 -
Tumour Virus Research Jun 2021Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much... (Review)
Review
Decades of research on the human papillomavirus oncogenes, E6 and E7, have given us huge amounts of data on their expression, functions and structures. We know much about the very many cellular proteins and pathways that they influence in one way or another. However, much of this information is quite discrete, referring to one activity examined under one condition. It is now time to join the dots to try to understand a larger picture: how, where and when do all these interactions occur... and why? Examining these questions will also show how many of the yet obscure cellular processes work together for cellular and tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
Topics: Alphapapillomavirus; Humans; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Oncogenes; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins
PubMed: 33716206
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200213 -
Journal of Medical Virology Feb 2024Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and an important factor in other malignancies, for... (Review)
Review
Persistent infection with high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV) is a major cause of cervical cancer, and an important factor in other malignancies, for example, head and neck cancer. Despite recent progress in screening and vaccination, the incidence and mortality are still relatively high, especially in low-income countries. The mortality and financial burden associated with the treatment could be decreased if a simple, rapid, and inexpensive technology for HPV testing becomes available, targeting individuals for further monitoring with increased risk of developing cancer. Commercial HPV tests available in the market are often relatively expensive, time-consuming, and require sophisticated instrumentation, which limits their more widespread utilization. To address these challenges, novel technologies are being implemented also for HPV diagnostics that include for example, isothermal amplification techniques, lateral flow assays, CRISPR-Cas-based systems, as well as microfluidics, paperfluidics and lab-on-a-chip devices, ideal for point-of-care testing in decentralized settings. In this review, we first evaluate current commercial HPV tests, followed by a description of advanced technologies, explanation of their principles, critical evaluation of their strengths and weaknesses, and suggestions for their possible implementation into medical diagnostics.
Topics: Female; Humans; Human Papillomavirus Viruses; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomaviridae; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms; Technology
PubMed: 38293790
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29409 -
Current Opinion in Virology Dec 2021The ability to establish long term persistent infection is a feature of human papillomaviruses. The available evidence is that this ability is a consequence of a complex... (Review)
Review
The ability to establish long term persistent infection is a feature of human papillomaviruses. The available evidence is that this ability is a consequence of a complex local immune milieu whereby innate immune receptors and signalling pathway cascades are inhibited by HPV early proteins resulting in failure of dendritic cell maturation, antigen processing and presentation and activation of cytotoxic antigen specific T cell responses. The development of cutaneous and mucosal infection models with the mouse papillomavirus MmuPV1 and the access to multiple gene deficient strains is providing the frame work to dissect the mechanisms underlying these complex host virus interactions.
Topics: Animals; Antigen Presentation; Dendritic Cells; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Immune Evasion; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Persistent Infection; T-Lymphocytes
PubMed: 34628358
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.010 -
Viruses Aug 2021Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) in humans and animals. In addition, due to their ability to alter cell regulation,... (Review)
Review
Papillomaviruses (PVs) are well established to cause hyperplastic papillomas (warts) in humans and animals. In addition, due to their ability to alter cell regulation, PVs are also recognized to cause approximately 5% of human cancers and these viruses have been associated with neoplasia in a number of animal species. In contrast to other domestic species, cats have traditionally been thought to less frequently develop disease due to PV infection. However, in the last 15 years, the number of viruses and the different lesions associated with PVs in cats have greatly expanded. In this review, the PV life cycle and the subsequent immune response is briefly discussed along with methods used to investigate a PV etiology of a lesion. The seven PV types that are currently known to infect cats are reviewed. The lesions that have been associated with PV infections in cats are then discussed and the review finishes with a brief discussion on the use of vaccines to prevent PV-induced disease in domestic cats.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cat Diseases; Cats; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 34452528
DOI: 10.3390/v13081664 -
International Journal of Cancer Feb 2022
Topics: Early Detection of Cancer; Female; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 34665458
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33851