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PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2022In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a... (Review)
Review
In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a comprehensive overview of documented outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra virus infections affecting livestock and humans and assess the burden on the economy and health systems. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, attention must be paid to emerging viruses and infectious diseases, as transmission routes can be rapid and worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Livestock; Nipah Virus; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 35180217
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010157 -
Viruses Jan 2024Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses... (Review)
Review
Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses rely on two surface glycoproteins, known as the attachment and fusion proteins, to facilitate entry into host cells. As new and divergent members of the genus have been discovered and structurally characterized, key differences and similarities have been noted. This review surveys the available structural information on glycoproteins, complementing this with information from related biophysical and structural studies of the broader family of which Henipaviruses are members. The process of viral entry is a primary focus for vaccine and drug development, and this review aims to identify critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive fusion.
Topics: Humans; Henipavirus; Nipah Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Glycoproteins; Hendra Virus
PubMed: 38399971
DOI: 10.3390/v16020195 -
Archivos de Bronconeumologia Apr 2022
Topics: Humans; Infant; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 34226785
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2021.06.007 -
The Lancet. Global Health Aug 2019Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus are the most common viruses associated with acute lower respiratory infections in...
BACKGROUND
Influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus are the most common viruses associated with acute lower respiratory infections in young children (<5 years) and older people (≥65 years). A global report of the monthly activity of these viruses is needed to inform public health strategies and programmes for their control.
METHODS
In this systematic analysis, we compiled data from a systematic literature review of studies published between Jan 1, 2000, and Dec 31, 2017; online datasets; and unpublished research data. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they reported laboratory-confirmed incidence data of human infection of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, or metapneumovirus, or a combination of these, for at least 12 consecutive months (or 52 weeks equivalent); stable testing practice throughout all years reported; virus results among residents in well-defined geographical locations; and aggregated virus results at least on a monthly basis. Data were extracted through a three-stage process, from which we calculated monthly annual average percentage (AAP) as the relative strength of virus activity. We defined duration of epidemics as the minimum number of months to account for 75% of annual positive samples, with each component month defined as an epidemic month. Furthermore, we modelled monthly AAP of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus using site-specific temperature and relative humidity for the prediction of local average epidemic months. We also predicted global epidemic months of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus on a 5° by 5° grid. The systematic review in this study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018091628.
FINDINGS
We initally identified 37 335 eligible studies. Of 21 065 studies remaining after exclusion of duplicates, 1081 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, of which 185 were identified as eligible. We included 246 sites for influenza virus, 183 sites for respiratory syncytial virus, 83 sites for parainfluenza virus, and 65 sites for metapneumovirus. Influenza virus had clear seasonal epidemics in winter months in most temperate sites but timing of epidemics was more variable and less seasonal with decreasing distance from the equator. Unlike influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus had clear seasonal epidemics in both temperate and tropical regions, starting in late summer months in the tropics of each hemisphere, reaching most temperate sites in winter months. In most temperate sites, influenza virus epidemics occurred later than respiratory syncytial virus (by 0·3 months [95% CI -0·3 to 0·9]) while no clear temporal order was observed in the tropics. Parainfluenza virus epidemics were found mostly in spring and early summer months in each hemisphere. Metapneumovirus epidemics occurred in late winter and spring in most temperate sites but the timing of epidemics was more diverse in the tropics. Influenza virus epidemics had shorter duration (3·8 months [3·6 to 4·0]) in temperate sites and longer duration (5·2 months [4·9 to 5·5]) in the tropics. Duration of epidemics was similar across all sites for respiratory syncytial virus (4·6 months [4·3 to 4·8]), as it was for metapneumovirus (4·8 months [4·4 to 5·1]). By comparison, parainfluenza virus had longer duration of epidemics (6·3 months [6·0 to 6·7]). Our model had good predictability in the average epidemic months of influenza virus in temperate regions and respiratory syncytial virus in both temperate and tropical regions. Through leave-one-out cross validation, the overall prediction error in the onset of epidemics was within 1 month (influenza virus -0·2 months [-0·6 to 0·1]; respiratory syncytial virus 0·1 months [-0·2 to 0·4]).
INTERPRETATION
This study is the first to provide global representations of month-by-month activity of influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza virus, and metapneumovirus. Our model is helpful in predicting the local onset month of influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus epidemics. The seasonality information has important implications for health services planning, the timing of respiratory syncytial virus passive prophylaxis, and the strategy of influenza virus and future respiratory syncytial virus vaccination.
FUNDING
European Union Innovative Medicines Initiative Respiratory Syncytial Virus Consortium in Europe (RESCEU).
Topics: Female; Global Health; Humans; Influenza A virus; Influenza, Human; Male; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 31303294
DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30264-5 -
Antiviral Research Nov 2022Human metapneumoviruses have emerged in the past decades as an important global pathogen that causes severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Children under... (Review)
Review
Human metapneumoviruses have emerged in the past decades as an important global pathogen that causes severe upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Children under the age of 2, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals are more susceptible to HMPV infection than the general population due to their suboptimal immune system. Despite the recent discovery of HMPV as a novel important respiratory virus, reports have rapidly described its epidemiology, biology, and pathogenesis. However, progress is still to be made in the development of vaccines and drugs against HMPV infection as none are currently available. Herein, we discuss the importance of HMPV and review the reported strategies for anti-HMPV drug candidates. We also present the fusion protein as a promising antiviral drug target due to its multiple roles in the HMPV lifecycle. This key viral protein has previously been targeted by a range of inhibitors, which will be discussed as they represent opportunities for future drug design.
Topics: Aged; Antiviral Agents; Child; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 36084851
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2022.105405 -
The Journal of General Virology Dec 2019The family consists of large enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles...
The family consists of large enveloped RNA viruses infecting mammals, birds, reptiles and fish. Many paramyxoviruses are host-specific and several, such as measles virus, mumps virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus and several parainfluenza viruses, are pathogenic for humans. The transmission of paramyxoviruses is horizontal, mainly through airborne routes; no vectors are known. This is a summary of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family . which is available at ictv.global/report/paramyxoviridae.
Topics: DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Databases, Factual; Humans; Paramyxoviridae; Web Browser
PubMed: 31609197
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001328 -
GeroScience Oct 2022Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae that cause severe disease outbreaks in... (Review)
Review
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae that cause severe disease outbreaks in humans and also can infect and cause lethal disease across a broad range of mammalian species. Another related Henipavirus has been very recently identified in China in febrile patients with pneumonia, the Langya virus (LayV) of probable animal origin in shrews. NiV and HeV were first identified as the causative agents of severe respiratory and encephalitic disease in the 1990s across Australia and Southern Asia with mortality rates reaching up to 90%. They are responsible for rare and sporadic outbreaks with no approved treatment modalities. NiV and HeV have wide cellular tropism that contributes to their high pathogenicity. From their natural hosts bats, different scenarios propitiate their spillover to pigs, horses, and humans. Henipavirus-associated respiratory disease arises from vasculitis and respiratory epithelial cell infection while the neuropathogenesis of Henipavirus infection is still not completely understood but appears to arise from dual mechanisms of vascular disease and direct parenchymal brain infection. This brief review offers an overview of direct and indirect mechanisms of HeV and NiV pathogenicity and their interaction with the human immune system, as well as the main viral strategies to subvert such responses.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Swine; Horses; Public Health; Henipavirus Infections; Nipah Virus; Hendra Virus; Mammals
PubMed: 36219280
DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00670-9 -
Nature Communications Feb 2023Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza virus types one (HPIV1) and three (HPIV3) can cause severe disease and death in...
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), and human parainfluenza virus types one (HPIV1) and three (HPIV3) can cause severe disease and death in immunocompromised patients, the elderly, and those with underlying lung disease. A protective monoclonal antibody exists for RSV, but clinical use is limited to high-risk infant populations. Hence, therapeutic options for these viruses in vulnerable patient populations are currently limited. Here, we present the discovery, in vitro characterization, and in vivo efficacy testing of two cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, one targeting both HPIV3 and HPIV1 and the other targeting both RSV and HMPV. The 3 × 1 antibody is capable of targeting multiple parainfluenza viruses; the MxR antibody shares features with other previously reported monoclonal antibodies that are capable of neutralizing both RSV and HMPV. We obtained structures using cryo-electron microscopy of these antibodies in complex with their antigens at 3.62 Å resolution for 3 × 1 bound to HPIV3 and at 2.24 Å for MxR bound to RSV, providing a structural basis for in vitro binding and neutralization. Together, a cocktail of 3 × 1 and MxR could have clinical utility in providing broad protection against four of the respiratory viruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality in at-risk individuals.
Topics: Humans; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viral Fusion Proteins; Cross Protection
PubMed: 36781872
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36459-3 -
Nature Communications Jun 2023In August 2022, a novel henipavirus (HNV) named Langya virus (LayV) was isolated from patients with severe pneumonic disease in China. This virus is closely related to...
In August 2022, a novel henipavirus (HNV) named Langya virus (LayV) was isolated from patients with severe pneumonic disease in China. This virus is closely related to Mòjiāng virus (MojV), and both are divergent from the bat-borne HNV members, Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV) viruses. The spillover of LayV is the first instance of a HNV zoonosis to humans outside of NiV and HeV, highlighting the continuing threat this genus poses to human health. In this work, we determine the prefusion structures of MojV and LayV F proteins via cryogenic electron microscopy to 2.66 and 3.37 Å, respectively. We show that despite sequence divergence from NiV, the F proteins adopt an overall similar structure but are antigenically distinct as they do not react to known antibodies or sera. Glycoproteomic analysis revealed that while LayV F is less glycosylated than NiV F, it contains a glycan that shields a site of vulnerability previously identified for NiV. These findings explain the distinct antigenic profile of LayV and MojV F, despite the extent to which they are otherwise structurally similar to NiV. Our results carry implications for broad-spectrum HNV vaccines and therapeutics, and indicate an antigenic, yet not structural, divergence from prototypical HNVs.
Topics: Humans; Henipavirus; Glycoproteins; Viral Proteins; Henipavirus Infections; Nipah Virus
PubMed: 37328468
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39278-8 -
Journal of Medical Virology Mar 2023Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that can infect humans and many species of animals. Infection in these reservoir hosts is... (Review)
Review
Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus that can infect humans and many species of animals. Infection in these reservoir hosts is generally asymptomatic and has few safety concerns. Emerging evidence has shown that PIV5 is a promising vector for developing vaccines against human infectious diseases caused by coronaviruses, influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, rabies, HIV, or bacteria. In this review, we summarize recent progress and highlight the advantages and strategies of PIV5 as a vaccine vector to improve future vaccine design and application for clinical trials.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parainfluenza Virus 5; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Influenza Vaccines; Influenza, Human; Rabies Vaccines; Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human
PubMed: 36846910
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28622