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Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2014Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a paramyxovirus identified in 2001, is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in both children and adults. Seroprevalence studies... (Review)
Review
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV), a paramyxovirus identified in 2001, is a leading cause of respiratory tract infections in both children and adults. Seroprevalence studies demonstrate that the primary infection occurs before the age of 5 years, and humans are reinfected throughout life. The four subgroups of HMPV occur with year-to-year variability, and infection with one subgroup confers some serologic cross-protection. Experimental vaccines elicit a humoral response in both animal and human models and have been used to identify antigenic determinants. The main target of protective antibodies is the fusion (F) protein, although many of the remaining eight proteins are immunogenic. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the F protein are both protective and therapeutic in animal models. Most recently, the identification of broadly neutralizing antibodies against HMPV and respiratory syncytial virus demonstrates that common epitopes are present between the two viruses. Broadly neutralizing mAbs have significant clinical implications for prophylaxis and treatment of high-risk hosts as well as vaccine development.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Cross Protection; Disease Models, Animal; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seroepidemiologic Studies
PubMed: 26104361
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.AID-0020-2014 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Jul 2022Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are increasingly associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human Metapneumovirus, and Parainfluenza Virus Infections in Lung Transplant Recipients: A Systematic Review of Outcomes and Treatment Strategies.
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV), and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are increasingly associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) in lung transplant recipients (LTR). This systematic review primarily aimed to assess outcomes of RSV/PIV/hMPV infections in LTR and secondarily to assess evidence regarding the efficacy of ribavirin.
METHODS
Relevant databases were queried and study outcomes extracted using a standardized method and summarized.
RESULTS
Nineteen retrospective and 12 prospective studies were included (total 1060 cases). Pooled 30-day mortality was low (0-3%), but CLAD progression 180-360 days postinfection was substantial (pooled incidences 19-24%) and probably associated with severe infection. Ribavirin trended toward effectiveness for CLAD prevention in exploratory meta-analysis (odds ratio [OR] 0.61, [0.27-1.18]), although results were highly variable between studies.
CONCLUSIONS
RSV/PIV/hMPV infection was followed by a high CLAD incidence. Treatment options, including ribavirin, are limited. There is an urgent need for high-quality studies to provide better treatment options for these infections.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Metapneumovirus; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Ribavirin; Transplant Recipients
PubMed: 35022697
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab969 -
Advances in Experimental Medicine and... 2013The family Paramyxoviridae consists of a group of large, enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and contains many important human and animal pathogens.... (Review)
Review
The family Paramyxoviridae consists of a group of large, enveloped, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses and contains many important human and animal pathogens. Molecular and biochemical characterization over the past decade has revealed an extraordinary breadth of biological diversity among this family of viruses. Like all enveloped viruses, paramyxoviruses must fuse their membrane with that of a receptive host cell as a prerequisite for viral entry and infection. Unlike most other enveloped viruses, the vast majority of paramyxoviruses contain two distinct membrane-anchored glycoproteins to mediate the attachment, membrane fusion and particle entry stages of host cell infection. The attachment glycoprotein is required for virion attachment and the fusion glycoprotein is directly involved in facilitating the merger of the viral and host cell membranes. Here we detail important functional, biochemical and structural features of the attachment and fusion glycoproteins from a variety of family members. Specifically, the three different classes of attachment glycoproteins are discussed, including receptor binding preference, their overall structure and fusion promotion activities. Recently solved atomic structures of certain attachment glycoproteins are summarized, and how they relate to both receptor binding and fusion mechanisms are described. For the fusion glycoprotein, specific structural domains and their proposed role in mediating membrane merger are illustrated, highlighting the important features of protease cleavage and associated tropism and virulence. The crystal structure solutions of both an uncleaved and a cleavage-activated metastable F are also described with emphasis on how small conformational changes can provide the necessary energy to mediate membrane fusion. Finally, the different proposed fusion models are reviewed, featuring recent experimental findings that speculate how the attachment and fusion glycoproteins work in concert to mediate virus entry.
Topics: HN Protein; Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus; Humans; Paramyxoviridae; Protein Conformation; Receptors, Virus; Viral Fusion Proteins; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 23884588
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7651-1_6 -
Virology Journal Oct 2018Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human Rhinovirus (HRV) and human Metapneumo Virus (HMPV) are important viral pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in...
BACKGROUND
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human Rhinovirus (HRV) and human Metapneumo Virus (HMPV) are important viral pathogens causing acute respiratory tract infections in the hospitalized patients. Sensitive and accurate detection of RSV, HRV and HMPV is necessary for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
RESULTS
A locked nucleic acid (LNA)-based multiplex closed one-tube nested real-time RT-PCR (mOTNRT-PCR) assay was developed for simultaneous detection of RSV, HRV and HMPV. The sensitivity, specificity, reproducibility and clinical performance of mOTNRT-PCR were evaluated and compared with individual real time PCR (RT-qPCR) assay using clinical samples. The analytical sensitivity of mOTNRT-PCR assay was 5 copies/reaction for RSV, HRV and HMPV, respectively, and no cross-reaction with other common respiratory viruses was observed. The coefficients of variation (CV) of intra-assay and inter-assay were between 0.51 to 3.67%. Of 398 nasopharyngeal aspirates samples tested, 109 (27.39%), 150 (37.69%) and 44 (11.06%) were positive for RSV, HRV and HMPV, respectively, whereas 95 (23.87%), 137 (34.42%) and 38 (9.55%) were positive for RSV, HRV and HMPV, respectively, by individual RT-qPCR assay. Thirty three samples that were positive by mOTNRT-PCR but negative by RT-qPCR were confirmed as true positives by sequencing using reported traditional two-step nested PCR assay.
CONCLUSION
mOTNRT-PCR assay reveals extremely higher sensitivity than that of RT-qPCR assay for detecting RSV, HRV and HMPV in clinical settings.
Topics: Acute Disease; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Metapneumovirus; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Nasopharynx; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Picornaviridae Infections; Reproducibility of Results; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Rhinovirus; Sensitivity and Specificity
PubMed: 30376870
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-1061-0 -
Uirusu 2012The genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has... (Review)
Review
The genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has restricted host range and serologically monotypic, the virus infection and transmission is effectively controlled by vaccinations and surveillance. Rinderpest virus has been eradicated in 2011, and elimination of measles virus progresses worldwide. Recently, a new cell receptor for measles virus, nectin4 was identified. Both SLAM, a molecule expressing on immune cells, and nectin4, a molecule expressing on epithelial cells, are important to infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epithelial Cells; Genetic Structures; Genome, Viral; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Pneumovirinae; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Rinderpest; Rinderpest virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 24153228
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.175 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Paramyxoviruses have been shown to infect a wide range of hosts, including rodents, and humans. Several novel murine paramyxoviruses have been discovered in the last... (Review)
Review
Paramyxoviruses have been shown to infect a wide range of hosts, including rodents, and humans. Several novel murine paramyxoviruses have been discovered in the last several decades. Although these viruses are unclassified, they are recognized as Beilong virus, Mojiang virus (MojV), and Tailam virus in rats, Jeilongvirus, Nariva, Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus-1 and -2 in mice, and Pentlands paramyxovirus-1, -2, and -3 in squirrels. These paramyxoviruses were reported mainly in China and a few other countries like Australia, the Republic of Korea, Trinidad, and France. In June 2012, it becomes a great concern in China whereby, three miners were reported dead potentially caused by a novel zoonotic MojV, a henipa-like virus isolated from tissue samples of rats from the same cave. Rats are considered to be natural hosts for the MojV from the literature research. The classified paramyxovirus, Sendai virus in rodents is also reviewed. Paramyxoviruses infection in rodents leads to respiratory distress such as necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia. Infections caused by paramyxoviruses often spread between species, manifesting disease in spillover hosts, including humans. This review focuses on the paramyxoviruses in rodents, including the epidemiological distributions, transmission and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and control and prevention of paramyxoviruses infection to provide a better understanding of these highly mutating viruses.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Humans; Animals; Rodentia; Paramyxovirinae; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 36650879
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i6.14 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Oct 2023The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens... (Review)
Review
The Paramyxoviridae family includes established human pathogens such as measles virus, mumps virus, and the human parainfluenza viruses; highly lethal zoonotic pathogens such as Nipah virus; and a number of recently identified agents, such as Sosuga virus, which remain poorly understood. The high human-to-human transmission rate of paramyxoviruses such as measles virus, high case fatality rate associated with other family members such as Nipah virus, and the existence of poorly characterized zoonotic pathogens raise concern that known and unknown paramyxoviruses have significant pandemic potential. In this review, the general life cycle, taxonomic relationships, and viral pathogenesis are described for paramyxoviruses that cause both systemic and respiratory system-restricted infections. Next, key gaps in critical areas are presented, following detailed conversations with subject matter experts and based on the current literature. Finally, we present an assessment of potential prototype pathogen candidates that could be used as models to study this important virus family, including assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of each potential prototype.
Topics: Humans; Pandemics; Paramyxoviridae; Nipah Virus; Vaccines; Antiviral Agents
PubMed: 37849400
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad123 -
Viruses May 2022is a viral family within the order of ; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to... (Review)
Review
is a viral family within the order of ; they are negative single-strand RNA viruses that can cause significant diseases in both humans and animals. In order to replicate, paramyxoviruses-as any other viruses-have to bypass an important protective mechanism developed by the host's cells: the defensive line driven by interferon. Once the viruses are recognized, the cells start the production of type I and type III interferons, which leads to the activation of hundreds of genes, many of which encode proteins with the specific function to reduce viral replication. Type II interferon is produced by active immune cells through a different signaling pathway, and activates a diverse range of genes with the same objective to block viral replication. As a result of this selective pressure, viruses have evolved different strategies to avoid the defensive function of interferons. The strategies employed by the different viral species to fight the interferon system include a number of sophisticated mechanisms. Here we analyzed the current status of the various strategies used by paramyxoviruses to subvert type I, II, and III interferon responses.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Interferon-gamma; Interferons; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; RNA Viruses; Virus Replication
PubMed: 35632848
DOI: 10.3390/v14051107 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2022In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a... (Review)
Review
In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a comprehensive overview of documented outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra virus infections affecting livestock and humans and assess the burden on the economy and health systems. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, attention must be paid to emerging viruses and infectious diseases, as transmission routes can be rapid and worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Livestock; Nipah Virus; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 35180217
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010157 -
Virus Research Apr 2017The paramyxo- and pneumoviruses are members of the order Mononegavirales, a group of viruses with non-segmented, negative strand RNA genomes. The polymerases of these... (Review)
Review
The paramyxo- and pneumoviruses are members of the order Mononegavirales, a group of viruses with non-segmented, negative strand RNA genomes. The polymerases of these viruses are multi-functional complexes, capable of transcribing subgenomic capped and polyadenylated mRNAs and replicating the genome. Although there is no native structure available for any complete paramyxo- or pneumovirus polymerase, functional and structural studies of a fragment of a pneumovirus polymerase protein and mutation analyses and resistance profiling of small-molecule inhibitors have generated a wealth of mechanistic information. This review integrates these data with the structure of a related polymerase, identifying similarities, differences, gaps in knowledge, and avenues for antiviral drug development.
Topics: DNA Mutational Analysis; Drug Resistance, Viral; Mutation, Missense; Paramyxoviridae; Pneumovirus; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase; Transcription, Genetic; Virus Replication
PubMed: 28104450
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.01.008