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Annals of the New York Academy of... Apr 2021The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause... (Review)
Review
The treatment of substance use disorders has always been challenging because multiple neurotransmitters mediate addiction. However, with smoking being the leading cause of preventable death and the recent opioid epidemic in the United States, the search for novel solutions becomes more imperative. In this review, we discuss the use of antibodies to treat addictions and highlight areas of success and areas that require improvement, using examples from cocaine, nicotine, and opioid vaccines. Through each example, we examine creative problem-solving strategies for developing future vaccines, such as using an adenovirus vector as a carrier, designing bivalent vaccines, stimulating Toll-like receptors for adjuvant effects, and altering the route of administration. Our review also covers passive immunization alone to override or prevent drug toxicity as well as in combination with vaccines for more rapid and potentially greater efficacy.
Topics: Analgesics, Opioid; Behavior, Addictive; Cocaine; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Immunotherapy; Substance-Related Disorders; United States
PubMed: 32147860
DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14329 -
Nature Reviews. Immunology Jun 2021Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in... (Review)
Review
Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in clinical trials. With the US Food and Drug Administration recently granting emergency use authorizations for neutralizing mAbs in non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, there is an urgent need to discuss the broader potential of these novel therapies and to develop strategies to deploy them effectively in clinical practice, given limited initial availability. Here, we review the precedent for passive immunization and lessons learned from using antibody therapies for viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and SARS-CoV infections. We then focus on the deployment of convalescent plasma and neutralizing mAbs for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We review specific clinical questions, including the rationale for stratification of patients, potential biomarkers, known risk factors and temporal considerations for optimal clinical use. To answer these questions, there is a need to understand factors such as the kinetics of viral load and its correlation with clinical outcomes, endogenous antibody responses, pharmacokinetic properties of neutralizing mAbs and the potential benefit of combining antibodies to defend against emerging viral variants.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; Antibody-Dependent Enhancement; COVID-19; Drug Development; Drug Resistance, Viral; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Models, Immunological; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33875867
DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Apr 2022
Topics: Antibodies; Immunization; Immunization, Passive
PubMed: 35507828
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2028517 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Dec 2020Passive immunotherapeutics (PITs), including convalescent plasma, serum, or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, have been of clinical importance during sudden outbreaks since... (Review)
Review
Passive immunotherapeutics (PITs), including convalescent plasma, serum, or hyperimmune immunoglobulin, have been of clinical importance during sudden outbreaks since the early twentieth century for the treatment of viral diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) and swine flu (H1N1). With the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, wherein effective antivirals and vaccines are still lacking, an interest in convalescent plasma therapy as a lifesaving option has resurfaced due to its capacity for antigenic neutralization and reducing viremia. This review summarizes convalescent blood products (CBPs) in terms of current technologies and the shortcomings related to the collection, manufacture, pathogen inactivation, and banking of CBPs, with a specific focus on their plausible applications, benefits, and risks in the COVID-19 pandemic.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Risk Assessment; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32962524
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1808410 -
Critical Care Medicine Jul 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Double-Blind Method; Humans; Immunization, Passive; New York; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33870924
DOI: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000005068 -
Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North... Aug 2020Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is standard of care in treatment of many primary immunodeficiency diseases. The goal of replacement therapy is to reduce infections in... (Review)
Review
Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is standard of care in treatment of many primary immunodeficiency diseases. The goal of replacement therapy is to reduce infections in individuals with primary immune deficiency and improve their quality of life. Immunoglobulin replacement therapy is most often lifelong, therefore ease of administration is vital for adherence to treatment. Self-infusion via subcutaneous intravenous immunoglobulin (SCIG) allows patient input to design an individualized and optimal treatment plan. Because SCIG regimens are flexible and allow for increased autonomy, patients receiving SCIG report improved quality of life. This article summarizes the dosing, administration, and adverse event management of SCIG infusions.
Topics: Clinical Decision-Making; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Monitoring; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Immunoglobulins; Immunoglobulins, Intravenous; Infusions, Subcutaneous; Injections, Subcutaneous; Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32654697
DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2020.04.002 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... Mar 2021The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a rapid search for therapeutic and preventive measures because of the potentially severe course of infection. The... (Review)
Review
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a rapid search for therapeutic and preventive measures because of the potentially severe course of infection. The antiviral drug, remdesivir, and the anti-inflammatory agent, dexamethasone, have shown beneficial effects. As the current COVID-19 vaccines are not yet fully available to everyone, or they may not be readily and universally accepted, various treatment options are being evaluated and will still be needed under these conditions. One of these treatment options, passive immunization, has shown promise in some studies. Further research is needed to determine the utility of immunotherapy with convalescent plasma or artificially produced monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of symptomatic patients, and potentially for use as post-exposure prophylaxis, at least until more effective drugs are available or safe and effective vaccines are distributed and administered to everyone.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33400975
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106275 -
The American Journal of Nursing Apr 2021
Topics: COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Humans; Immunization, Passive; International Cooperation; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33755615
DOI: 10.1097/01.NAJ.0000742468.73744.7e -
African Health Sciences Dec 2021In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute... (Review)
Review
In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged in China, and were then transmitted all over the world, causing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is transmitted at a higher rate than other diseases caused by coronaviruses. At the time of writing this review, COVID-19 is not contained in most countries in spite of quarantine, physical distancing, and enhanced hygiene measures. In this review, I address different methods for passive and active immunization against this virus, which is known to cause fatal respiratory disease, including natural passive immunization by breast milk, natural active immunization by herd immunization, artificial passive immunization by convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies, and artificial active immunization by vaccination. I hope this review will help design a prophylactic approach against outbreaks and pandemics of related coronaviruses in the future.
Topics: COVID-19; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; Vaccination; Zika Virus; Zika Virus Infection; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 35283984
DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i4.11 -
Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione Del... Mar 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; Blood Transfusion; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Disease Outbreaks; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32267830
DOI: 10.2450/2020.0076-20