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Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy Nov 2020: Rheumatic diseases are inflammatory diseases that damage target organs via multiple subsets of immune cells. Fractalkine (FKN) acts as chemoattractant as well as... (Review)
Review
: Rheumatic diseases are inflammatory diseases that damage target organs via multiple subsets of immune cells. Fractalkine (FKN) acts as chemoattractant as well as adhesion molecule. It contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and other rheumatic diseases through multiple mechanisms: the migration of monocytes and cytotoxic effector T cells, the proliferation and activation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, angiogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis. FKN has potential as a new therapeutic target, and clinical trials on anti-FKN monoclonal antibodies for RA are ongoing. FKN-targeted therapy has been developed and a humanized anti-FKN monoclonal antibody is currently being tested in phase 2 clinical trials. : This review summarizes accumulated evidence on the involvement of FKN in RA and other rheumatic diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis, inflammatory myositis, Sjögren's syndrome (SS), osteoarthritis, and systemic vasculitis. : A phase 1/2a clinical trial on anti-FKN demonstrated its safety, tolerability, and clinical efficacy. Anti-FKN therapy has potential in the treatment of atherosclerosis and interstitial lung diseases associated with RA. Based on recent findings, other rheumatic diseases, including SLE, polymyositis/dermatomyositis, and SS, may also be treated using anti-FKN therapy.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal; Arthritis, Rheumatoid; Chemokine CX3CL1; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Development; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic; Rheumatic Diseases; Sjogren's Syndrome
PubMed: 32401060
DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1764931 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Sep 2022
Topics: Ambulatory Care; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Outpatients; Plasma; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 36069884
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMc2208338 -
The Lancet. Haematology May 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Pandemics; Plasma; Pneumonia, Viral; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32359447
DOI: 10.1016/S2352-3026(20)30117-4 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Oct 2020
Topics: Betacoronavirus; COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; India; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; SARS-CoV-2; Treatment Failure; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 33093025
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m4072 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal May 2021Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the RSV F protein,... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of hospitalizations in infants worldwide. Palivizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the RSV F protein, is the only licensed agent for prevention of severe RSV infection in high-risk infants. Palivizumab is administered intramuscularly, every month during the RSV season, usually 5 doses are required. In recent years, the resolution of the structure of the RSV F protein, with identification of potent neutralizing epitopes, and new technologies for production of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have facilitated the development of new alternative strategies for the prevention of RSV infections. One promising approach is a new generation of mAbs directed to new neutralizing epitopes and with prolonged half life. These enhanced mAbs are expected to provide adequate protection during the complete RSV season with a single intramuscular (IM) dose. The long-term goal of this approach is to provide passive immunization for the prevention of RSV lower respiratory tract infection to all infants (preterm and full term) in the first months of life before their initial exposure to RSV.
Topics: Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized; Clinical Trials as Topic; Epitopes; Half-Life; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 34042909
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000003121 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2021
Topics: COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32805024
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1213 -
South African Medical Journal =... Jun 2020
Review
Topics: COVID-19; Coronavirus Infections; Developing Countries; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Male; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral; Risk Assessment; South Africa; Survival Analysis; Treatment Outcome; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 32880317
DOI: No ID Found -
Analytical Methods : Advancing Methods... Sep 2021The emergence of a pandemic scale respiratory illness (COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019) and the lack of the world's readiness to prevent its spread resulted in an... (Review)
Review
The emergence of a pandemic scale respiratory illness (COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019) and the lack of the world's readiness to prevent its spread resulted in an unprecedented rise of biomedical diagnostic industries, as they took lead to provide efficient diagnostic solutions for COVID-19. However, these circumstances also led to numerous emergency use authorizations without appropriate evaluation that compromised standards, which could result in a larger than usual number of false-positive or false-negative results, leading to unwanted ambiguity in already confusing realities of the pandemic-hit closures of the world economy. This review is aimed at comparing the claimed or reported clinical sensitivity and clinical specificity of commercially available rapid antibody diagnostics with independently evaluated clinical performance results of the tests. Thereby, we not only present the types of modern antibody diagnostics and their working principles but summarize their experimental evaluations and observed clinical efficiencies to highlight the research, development, and commercialization issues with future challenges. Still, it must be emphasized that the serological or antibody tests do not serve the purpose of early diagnosis but are more suitable for epidemiology and screening populaces with an active immune response, recognizing convalescent plasma donors, and determining vaccine efficacy.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; Sensitivity and Specificity; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 34555136
DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00888a -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Mar 2022To assess whether high-dose coronavirus disease (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion may benefit patients with severe COVID-19, we conducted a multicenter... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
To assess whether high-dose coronavirus disease (COVID-19) convalescent plasma (CCP) transfusion may benefit patients with severe COVID-19, we conducted a multicenter randomized trial in Brazil. Patients with severe COVID-19 who were within 10 days of initial symptom onset were eligible. Patients in the CCP group received 3 daily doses of CCP (600 mL/d) in addition to standard treatment; control patients received standard treatment only. Primary outcomes were death rates at days 30 and 60 of study randomization. Secondary outcomes were ventilator-free days and hospital-free days. We enrolled 107 patients: 36 CCP and 71 control. At day 30, death rates were 22% for CCP and 25% for the control group; at day 60, rates were 31% for CCP and 35% for control. Needs for invasive mechanical ventilation and durations of hospital stay were similar between groups. We conclude that high-dose CCP transfused within 10 days of symptom onset provided no benefit for patients with severe COVID-19.
Topics: COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; Plasma; SARS-CoV-2; Treatment Outcome; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 35081022
DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.212299 -
Expert Review of Clinical Immunology Apr 2022The immunological response to COVID-19 is only partly understood. It is increasingly clear that the virus triggers an inappropriate host inflammatory reaction in...
INTRODUCTION
The immunological response to COVID-19 is only partly understood. It is increasingly clear that the virus triggers an inappropriate host inflammatory reaction in patients experiencing severe disease.
AREAS COVERED
The role of antibodies in COVID-19 remains to be fully defined. There is evidence for both protection and harm in different clinical syndromes triggered by SARS-CoV-2. Many patients dying from COVID-19 had both high titers of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and elevated viral loads. The uncertain protective role of humoral immunity is mirrored by the lack of benefit of therapeutic convalescent plasma infusions in COVID-19. In contrast, there is increasing evidence that a vigorous T-cell response is protective. Delayed or low avidity T cell reactions were seen in patients suffering severe COVID-19.
EXPERT OPINION
These observations suggest T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 are the dominant long-term protective mechanism following either infection or vaccination. The magnitude and quality of the antibody response is likely to reflect underlying T cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Much of what has been learned about COVID-19 will need to be revised following the recent rapid emergence and dominance of the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2.
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Antibodies, Viral; COVID-19; Humans; Immunization, Passive; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Serotherapy
PubMed: 35184669
DOI: 10.1080/1744666X.2022.2044797