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Handbook of Clinical Neurology 2022The anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) have been shown to be crucial for recognition and naming of unique entities such as persons and places. In this chapter, we review... (Review)
Review
The anterior temporal lobes (ATLs) have been shown to be crucial for recognition and naming of unique entities such as persons and places. In this chapter, we review previous research that identified the neural underpinnings of these processes, and discuss the convergence zone theory of conceptual knowledge and proper name retrieval. Lesion-deficit and neuroimaging studies have found that the temporal poles are essential for recognition and naming of unique persons and places. Research has shown laterality, in that the right anterior temporal pole is specialized for recognition and the left for naming. Here, we analyzed recognition and naming of persons and landmarks in a large neurologic sample (N=244) using the Iowa Famous Faces and Famous Landmarks tests. For both categories, education had a significant effect on recognition and naming performances, but age and gender did not. Lesion-symptom maps revealed lower naming scores for both Faces and Landmarks associated with lesions to the anterior and mesial left temporal lobe. Lower recognition scores were also linked to left temporal lobe damage, possibly due to the method we used for measuring recognition (verbally based). Overall, the results demonstrate the importance of the temporal lobes for recognition and naming of unique persons and places.
Topics: Famous Persons; Humans; Names; Neuropsychological Tests; Recognition, Psychology; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 35964980
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-823493-8.00023-7 -
Surgical Endoscopy Jun 2022Gender disparities in surgical leadership have come under increased scrutiny, and in order to better understand why these disparities exist, it is important to study the...
BACKGROUND
Gender disparities in surgical leadership have come under increased scrutiny, and in order to better understand why these disparities exist, it is important to study the disparities across surgical fellowship programs.
METHODS
Data derived from the Fellowship Council (FC) database for fellows completing training from academic years 2015-2019 were analyzed. Available information included institution, fellowship type, program director (PD), associate program director (APD), faculty, and fellow names for all FC Fellowships. Faculty and fellow gender were determined from personal knowledge or publicly available online biographical information.
RESULTS
A total of 1023 fellows and 221 programs were analyzed. The advanced gastrointestinal (GI)/minimally invasive surgery (MIS) fellowship programs included 321 fellows, with a small increase in the percentage of female fellows from 28 to 31% over 5 years. Advanced GI/MIS/bariatric fellowship programs had a total of 262 fellows, also with a small increase in the percent of female fellows, from 29 to 38% in the study period. The gender of program directors, assistant program directors, and faculty for the fellowship programs studied were analyzed as well. Of the 221 programs in the Fellowship Council data, 13.6% of program directors, 18.3% of associate program directors, and 19.9% of faculty were female. Advanced GI/MIS fellowship programs had the lowest percentage of female PDs, with only 9.3% of the program directors being female. Colorectal surgery fellowships had the highest percentage of female PDs, with 33% being female.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, women are underrepresented in gastrointestinal surgery fellowships among both trainees and educators. It is likely that a significant contributing factor to this underrepresentation of female fellows is the underrepresentation of female program directors and faculty; although neither our study nor any previously published study has proven that statistically.
Topics: Digestive System Surgical Procedures; Education, Medical, Graduate; Fellowships and Scholarships; Female; Humans; Leadership; Male; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States
PubMed: 34459975
DOI: 10.1007/s00464-021-08697-3 -
Biological Psychology Nov 2021Reduced orienting to name is an early behavioral risk marker for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, individual instances of infants' behavioral responses to name are...
Reduced orienting to name is an early behavioral risk marker for neurodevelopmental disorders. However, individual instances of infants' behavioral responses to name are limited in both reliability and predictive validity. Physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) deceleration may serve as more sensitive metrics than behavioral methods. As a first step toward validating HR deceleration as a candidate psychophysiological measure of name processing, we examined the congruency of behavioral and cardiac responses to name in 12-month-old typically developing infants. Infants exhibited greater median HR deceleration and spent a larger proportion of time in HR deceleration when they behaviorally oriented to their names than when they failed to do so; however, maximum HR deceleration was not related to behavioral responses. These findings provide preliminary evidence that specific HR deceleration metrics may be useful indices of infants' responses to name and may inform psychophysiological mechanisms underlying behavioral responses.
Topics: Heart; Heart Rate; Humans; Infant; Names; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 34662674
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108207 -
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 2022The study of surnames for a given population, together with their distribution and spatial patterns identification, has been a long-standing problem in the fields of...
The study of surnames for a given population, together with their distribution and spatial patterns identification, has been a long-standing problem in the fields of human biology, public health, and social sciences. The ancestry inferred from surname information can be a useful means to understand the dynamics of human populations. This knowledge allows us to characterize geographically the ethnicity of populations, and to understand the complex relationships between identity, migration, and health issues in a demographic view. However, in most cases, a detailed geolocalization of this data can be a daunting task. We propose a visual analytic tool that summarizes the heterogeneous surname and geographic information collected from Argentinean electoral rolls. This tool allows a massive data analysis, and facilitates interdisciplinary studies about population dynamics related to ancestry, migration, and health. It also offers an easy-to-use interface that allows interactive exploration of isonymy and surname origins, their distribution, and spatial trends in a high population density context.
Topics: Ethnicity; Humans; Names; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 34559640
DOI: 10.1109/MCG.2021.3115052 -
JAMA Pediatrics Feb 2022
Topics: Asthma; Child; Delivery of Health Care; Humans; Names; Patient Acceptance of Health Care
PubMed: 34870693
DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.5100 -
Journal of Psychiatric Practice Mar 2020Population-based surveys estimate that 0.7% of youth (13 to 17 y of age) in the United States identifies as transgender. Transgender youth are at an increased risk of...
BACKGROUND
Population-based surveys estimate that 0.7% of youth (13 to 17 y of age) in the United States identifies as transgender. Transgender youth are at an increased risk of anxiety, depression, and suicide attempts that often require inpatient care. Unfortunately, because of perceived insensitivity to gender identity from their providers, which includes incorrect use of names and/or pronouns, they may delay seeking necessary care. To date, there have been no specific documentation practice guidelines published by the International Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP), or other professional associations. The main goal of this study was to review documentation practices among multidisciplinary teams caring for hospitalized transgender youth on a child and adolescent inpatient psychiatry unit.
METHODS
Retrospective chart reviews were completed for 44 transgender patients who were hospitalized between 2008 and 2017. The charts were reviewed for consistency in the documentation of name and gender by the multidisciplinary team. Members included child and adolescent staff psychiatrists, residents, fellows, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, and social workers. Inconsistency was defined as at least 2 members of the team referring to a patient by a different name and/or gender pronoun in separate notes or >2 interchanges of name and/or gender pronoun in a single note. Kappa coefficient was calculated between each team member role to estimate exact agreement statistics.
RESULTS
In 43.2% (n=19) of cases, team members did not have a consistent approach to documenting a patient's name and/or gender pronoun and 18% (n=8) of discharge summaries were also inconsistent in this documentation. The greatest agreement in documentation practices was noted between the team and the staff psychiatrist (κ=0.446).
CONCLUSIONS
Findings from this study suggest that inpatient treatment teams show inconsistency in documentation practices for youth transgender inpatients. Further work is necessary to understand the implications of these findings for patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes.
Topics: Adolescent; Anxiety; Documentation; Female; Gender Identity; Hospitalization; Humans; Inpatients; Male; Psychiatric Department, Hospital; Retrospective Studies; Suicide, Attempted; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 32134890
DOI: 10.1097/PRA.0000000000000453 -
Journal of Personality Dec 2022Correlational research aiming to validate measures and the construct of implicit self-esteem (ISE) has produced heterogeneous results in the past. We argue that this...
OBJECTIVE
Correlational research aiming to validate measures and the construct of implicit self-esteem (ISE) has produced heterogeneous results in the past. We argue that this might be caused by two underappreciated obstacles: the situational malleability of and the construct irrelevant variance in conventional ISE measures. In this study, we aim to address these problems.
METHODS
To this end, we applied process and latent state-trait modeling to Implicit Association Test and Name Letter Task data collected on four occasions across six weeks in a preregistered online study (initial N = 360, final N = 302). We investigated the relation of supposed trait ISE parameters with trait explicit self-esteem (ESE) and a set of criteria.
RESULTS
Results indicated no latent trait correlation among the different supposed indicators of ISE, small latent trait correlations of indicators of ISE and ESE, and little incremental validity of the supposed ISE measures in predicting potential criterion measures over and above ESE.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings align with previous critical evaluations regarding the supposed measures of ISE and the conceptual validity of ISE as an association and call for a more careful terminology in the field.
Topics: Humans; Self Concept
PubMed: 35122254
DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12705 -
Social Studies of Science Jun 2022This essay is about the unique role of proper nouns at the intersection of knowledge and property, both tangible and intangible. Nouns are central to any form of...
This essay is about the unique role of proper nouns at the intersection of knowledge and property, both tangible and intangible. Nouns are central to any form of property and credit, from a person's name listed on a property deed or copyright registration, to the name of an artist to whom a work is attributed, or that of a scientist after whom a discovery or theory is named. And names can also be found on the other end of the property spectrum, not as the names of authors and owners but as objects of property, as in the case of brand names. Here I trace some of the functions of these names as they move across different scenarios of knowledge-making and property-making, focusing on some of the effects those trajectories are having in the contemporary technosciences as they bring together the function of the author and that of the brand.
Topics: Authorship; Humans; Publishing
PubMed: 35491951
DOI: 10.1177/03063127221095046 -
Nursing Forum Nov 2022LGBTQIA+ migrants may have experienced discrimination and victimization related to ethnicity, culture, and race over the course of their migration journey, as well as...
BACKGROUND
LGBTQIA+ migrants may have experienced discrimination and victimization related to ethnicity, culture, and race over the course of their migration journey, as well as in relation to their sexual orientation, gender identity and expression. Despite the work of some nurses in education, practice, policy, and research, there is a scarcity of literature investigating the experiences of LGBTQIA+ migrants with nurses and healthcare professionals in Canada.
METHODS
By utilizing Gadamerian hermeneutics research methodology with intersectional analysis, this study draws on 16 semi-structured individual interviews with LGBTQIA+ migrants who received care from nurses and other healthcare professionals (NHCPs) in Canada.
RESULTS
Two overarching areas of intersecting experiences were identified: (a) challenges and (b) supports. Four interwoven interpretations emerged from experiences of challenges: (a) unwanted visibility, (b) hearing a dead name and being misgendered, (c) cultural stigma, and (d) being asked intrusive hetero-cis-normative questions. Supportive experiences were evident when NHCPs accepted the unique needs of LGBTQIA+ migrants and acted as advocates.
CONCLUSIONS
Nursing interactions should not be traumatic for LGBTQIA+ migrants, but rather should be encounters where care providers ask relevant nonhetero-cis-normative questions, offer inclusive safe sex education for people's diverse identities, avoid dead naming and misgendering, and provide supportive and affirming care. To support the provision of safe care and mitigate trauma, systemic changes in nursing practice must include the experiences of LGBTQIA+ migrants.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Transients and Migrants; Gender Identity; Health Personnel; Sexual Behavior; Delivery of Health Care
PubMed: 36285823
DOI: 10.1111/nuf.12819 -
Journal of Affective Disorders Dec 2022The offspring of parents with Anxiety Disorders (AD) are at high risk for different types of psychopathology, including AD. However, little is known about how parental... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The offspring of parents with Anxiety Disorders (AD) are at high risk for different types of psychopathology, including AD. However, little is known about how parental anxiety during pregnancy and/or the postnatal period might result in alterations in behavior or neurodevelopmental changes in offspring. To examine the effect of parental AD on offspring behavior and neurodevelopment, we conducted a systematic review.
METHODS
Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases.
RESULTS
Forty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Prenatal maternal anxiety is related to negative temperament, increased attention to fearful vocalizations, decreased alertness, and impaired psychomotor and cognitive development in early and middle childhood. AD during the postnatal period is associated with greater negative temperament, internalizing symptoms, and anxiety symptoms in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence.
CONCLUSION
Our review is the first to demonstrate that prenatal and postnatal AD symptoms impact offspring. Future research should explore the mediating and moderating factors leading to the development of psychopathology in the offspring of parents with AD.
Topics: Adolescent; Pregnancy; Female; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Anxiety Disorders; Psychopathology; Parents; Child of Impaired Parents; Temperament
PubMed: 36174782
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.049