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Journal of Affective Disorders Dec 2022The offspring of parents with Anxiety Disorders (AD) are at high risk for different types of psychopathology, including AD. However, little is known about how parental... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The offspring of parents with Anxiety Disorders (AD) are at high risk for different types of psychopathology, including AD. However, little is known about how parental anxiety during pregnancy and/or the postnatal period might result in alterations in behavior or neurodevelopmental changes in offspring. To examine the effect of parental AD on offspring behavior and neurodevelopment, we conducted a systematic review.
METHODS
Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases.
RESULTS
Forty-seven articles met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Prenatal maternal anxiety is related to negative temperament, increased attention to fearful vocalizations, decreased alertness, and impaired psychomotor and cognitive development in early and middle childhood. AD during the postnatal period is associated with greater negative temperament, internalizing symptoms, and anxiety symptoms in early childhood, middle childhood, and adolescence.
CONCLUSION
Our review is the first to demonstrate that prenatal and postnatal AD symptoms impact offspring. Future research should explore the mediating and moderating factors leading to the development of psychopathology in the offspring of parents with AD.
Topics: Adolescent; Pregnancy; Female; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Anxiety Disorders; Psychopathology; Parents; Child of Impaired Parents; Temperament
PubMed: 36174782
DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.049 -
Data in Brief Dec 2022As e-Commerce continues to shift our shopping preference from the physical to online marketplace, we leave behind digital traces of our personally identifiable details....
As e-Commerce continues to shift our shopping preference from the physical to online marketplace, we leave behind digital traces of our personally identifiable details. For example, the merchant keeps record of your name and address; the payment processor stores your transaction details including account or card information, and every website you visit stores other information such as your device address and type. Cybercriminals constantly steal and use some of this information to commit identity fraud, ultimately leading to devastating consequences to the victims; but also, to the card issuers and payment processors with whom the financial liability most often lies. To this end, we recognise that data is generally compromised in this digital age, and personal data such as card number, password, personal identification number and account details can be easily stolen and used by someone else. However, there is a plethora of data relating to a person's behaviour biometrics that are almost impossible to steal, such as the way they type on a keyboard, move the cursor, or whether they normally do so via a mouse, touchpad or trackball. This data, commonly called keystroke, mouse and touchscreen dynamics, can be used to create a unique profile for the legitimate card owner, that can be utilised as an additional layer of user authentication during online card payments. Machine learning is a powerful technique for analysing such data to gain knowledge; and has been widely used successfully in many sectors for profiling e.g., genome classification in molecular biology and genetics where predictions are made for one or more forms of biochemical activity along the genome. Similar techniques are applicable in the financial sector to detect anomaly in user keyboard and mouse behaviour when entering card details online, such that they can be used to distinguish between a legitimate and an illegitimate card owner. In this article, a behaviour biometrics (i.e., keystroke and mouse dynamics) dataset, collected from 88 individuals, is presented. The dataset holds a total of 1760 instances categorised into two classes (i.e., legitimate and illegitimate card owners' behaviour). The data was collected to facilitate an academic start-up project (called CyberSignature1) which received funding from Innovate UK, under the Cyber Security Academic Startup Accelerator Programme. The dataset could be helpful to researchers who apply machine learning to develop applications using keystroke and mouse dynamics e.g., in cybersecurity to prevent identity theft. The dataset, entitled 'Behaviour Biometrics Dataset', is freely available on the Mendeley Data repository.
PubMed: 36426040
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108728 -
Journal of Sex Research Feb 2020Among 2,185 Dutch adolescents (ages 11 to 18), we assessed whether the association among gender nonconformity, homophobic name-calling, and other general peer...
Among 2,185 Dutch adolescents (ages 11 to 18), we assessed whether the association among gender nonconformity, homophobic name-calling, and other general peer victimization differs for boys and girls and for youth with and without same-sex attraction (SSA). We also examined whether sex and sexual attraction differences in the association between gender nonconformity and both types of peer victimization are dependent upon adolescents' age. Data were collected in the academic year 2011-2012. Results showed that gender nonconformity was positively associated with homophobic name-calling and general peer victimization. These associations were stronger for boys compared with girls and were also stronger with increasing levels of SSA. Sex differences in the relationship between gender nonconformity and general peer victimization were significant for early and middle adolescents but not for late adolescents. Sexual attraction differences in the relationship between gender nonconformity and both types of peer victimization were significant for early and middle adolescents but not for late adolescents. These results emphasize that key educational messages that address sexual and gender diversity should be delivered during childhood before early adolescence.
Topics: Adolescent; Bullying; Crime Victims; Female; Gender Identity; Heterosexuality; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Male; Netherlands; Peer Group; Risk Factors; Sex Factors; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Social Stigma
PubMed: 30983437
DOI: 10.1080/00224499.2019.1591334 -
Acta Psychologica Jun 2022Developmental and longitudinal studies with children increasingly use pictorial stimuli in cognitive, psychologic, and psycholinguistic research. To enhance validity and...
Developmental and longitudinal studies with children increasingly use pictorial stimuli in cognitive, psychologic, and psycholinguistic research. To enhance validity and comparability within and across those studies, the use of normed pictures is recommended. Besides, creating picture sets and evaluating them in rating studies is very time consuming, in particular regarding samples of young children in which testing time is rather limited. As there is an increasing number of studies that investigate young German children's semantic language processing with colored clipart stimuli, this work provides a first set of 247 colored cliparts with ratings of German native speaking children aged 4 to 6 years. We assessed two central rating aspects of pictures: Name agreement (Do pictures elicit the intended name of an object?) and semantic categorization (Are objects classified as members of the intended semantic category?). Our ratings indicate that children are proficient in naming and even better in semantic categorization of objects, whereas both seems to improve with increasing age of young childhood. Finally, this paper discusses some features of pictorial objects that might be important for children's name agreement and semantic categorization and could be considered in future picture rating studies.
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Language; Names; Pattern Recognition, Visual; Psycholinguistics; Semantics
PubMed: 35439618
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103558 -
Journal of Pediatric Surgery Jan 2022Creating inclusive LGBTQ+ environments is important in the provision of inclusive care. This cross sectional study assessed whether patient intake forms in pediatric...
PURPOSE
Creating inclusive LGBTQ+ environments is important in the provision of inclusive care. This cross sectional study assessed whether patient intake forms in pediatric surgery departments were LGBTQ+ inclusive (L-I).
METHODS
North American pediatric surgery departments affiliated with pediatric surgery fellowships or general surgery residencies were contacted to retrieve patient intake forms. Forms were assessed for LGBTQ+ inclusivity using a novel L-I scoring system consisting of 6 criteria: preferred name, pronouns, preferred language, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, and l-I guardianship. Institutions without intake forms were invited to comment on their use of l-I intake questions.
RESULTS
59/125 programs responded to our query, 10 of which provided intake forms. Median l-I score was 2/6 points (range 1-4). l-I guardianship was the most common question asked. No intake form asked for pronouns. Of the 49 institutions without forms, 30.5% reported asking l-I questions during initial visits. Narratives from these institutions varied widely. Some institutions supported routine l-I questions while others stated l-I questions were unnecessary, irrelevant, and/or offensive.
CONCLUSIONS
Few North American pediatric surgery departments consistently ask l-I questions during the intake process. Comments questioning the appropriateness and necessity of l-I questions highlight the need for LGBTQ+ education.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level III.
TYPE OF STUDY
Cross sectional study.
Topics: Ambulatory Care Facilities; Child; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities
PubMed: 34670677
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.09.020 -
Scandinavian Journal of Occupational... Jan 2024Stroke rehabilitation consists of restorative and adaptive approaches. Multiple adaptive approaches exist. (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Stroke rehabilitation consists of restorative and adaptive approaches. Multiple adaptive approaches exist.
AIMS/OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study was to develop a framework for categorising adaptive stroke rehabilitation interventions, based on underlying theory.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
We searched multiple databases to April 2020 to identify studies of interventions designed to improve participation in valued activities. We extracted the name of the intervention, underlying explicit or implicit theory, intervention elements, and anticipated outcomes. Using this information, we proposed distinct groups of interventions based on theoretical drivers.
RESULTS
Twenty-nine adaptive interventions were examined in at least one of 77 studies. Underlying theories included Cognitive Learning Theory, Self-determination Theory, Social Cognitive Theory, adult learning theories, and Psychological Stress and Coping Theory. Three overarching theoretical drivers were identified: learning, motivation, and coping.
CONCLUSIONS
At least 29 adaptive approaches exist, but each appear to be based on one of three underlying theoretical drivers. Consideration of effectiveness of these approaches by theoretical driver could help indicate underlying mechanisms and essential elements of effective adaptive approaches.
SIGNIFICANCE
Our framework is an important advance in understanding and evaluating adaptive approaches to stroke rehabilitation.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Stroke Rehabilitation; Stroke; Motivation; Adaptation, Psychological; Learning
PubMed: 37976402
DOI: 10.1080/11038128.2023.2257228 -
Targeted memory reactivation of face-name learning depends on ample and undisturbed slow-wave sleep.NPJ Science of Learning Jan 2022Face memory, including the ability to recall a person's name, is of major importance in social contexts. Like many other memory functions, it may rely on sleep. We...
Face memory, including the ability to recall a person's name, is of major importance in social contexts. Like many other memory functions, it may rely on sleep. We investigated whether targeted memory reactivation during sleep could improve associative and perceptual aspects of face memory. Participants studied 80 face-name pairs, and then a subset of spoken names with associated background music was presented unobtrusively during a daytime nap. This manipulation preferentially improved name recall and face recognition for those reactivated face-name pairs, as modulated by two factors related to sleep quality; memory benefits were positively correlated with the duration of stage N3 sleep (slow-wave sleep) and negatively correlated with measures of sleep disruption. We conclude that (a) reactivation of specific face-name memories during sleep can strengthen these associations and the constituent memories, and that (b) the effectiveness of this reactivation depends on uninterrupted N3 sleep.
PubMed: 35022449
DOI: 10.1038/s41539-021-00119-2 -
Psychological Review Jan 2024Hunger refers to (1) the meaning of certain bodily sensations; (2) a mental state of anticipation that food will be good to eat; and (3) an organizing principal, which...
Hunger refers to (1) the meaning of certain bodily sensations; (2) a mental state of anticipation that food will be good to eat; and (3) an organizing principal, which prioritizes feeding. Definitions (1) and (2) are the focus here, as (3) can be considered their consequent. Definition (1) has been linked to energy-depletion models of hunger, but these are no longer thought viable. Definition (2) has been linked to learning and memory (L&M) models of hunger, but these apply just to palatable foods. Nonetheless, L&M probably forms the basis for hunger generally, as damage to declarative memory can eradicate the experience of hunger. Currently, there is no general L&M model of hunger, little understanding of how physiology intersects with a L&M approach, and no understanding of how Definitions (1) and (2) are related. We present a new L&M model of human hunger. People learn associations between internal (e.g., tummy rumbles) and external cues (e.g., brand names) and food. These associations can be to specific foods (episodic memories) or food-related categories (semantic memories). When a cue is encountered, it lead to food-related memory retrieval. If retrieval occurs, the memory's affective content allows one to know if food will be good to eat now-hunger-a cognitive operation learned in childhood. These memory processes are acutely inhibited during satiety, and chronically by multiple biological parameters, allowing physiology to modulate hunger. Implications are considered for the process of making hunger judgments, thirst, the cephalic phase response, and motivational and lay theories of hunger. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Hunger; Thirst; Memory; Motivation; Cues
PubMed: 36633997
DOI: 10.1037/rev0000413 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... Feb 2023Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience health disparities, and many avoid necessary medical care because of fears of discrimination or mistreatment....
Transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people experience health disparities, and many avoid necessary medical care because of fears of discrimination or mistreatment. Disparate care is further compounded by limited understanding of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) and gender-affirming surgery among the medical community. Specific to radiology, TGD patients report more negative imaging experiences than negative general health encounters, highlighting the need for guidance and best practices for inclusive imaging care. A patient's imaging journey provides numerous opportunities for improvement. Inclusive practice in a radiology department starts with ordering and scheduling the examination, facilitated by staff education on appropriate use of a patient's chosen name, gender identity, and pronouns. Contemporary electronic health record systems have the capacity for recording detailed sexual orientation and gender identity data, but staff must be trained to solicit and use this information. A welcoming environment can help TGD patients to feel safe during the imaging experience and may include institutional nondiscrimination policies, gender-neutral signage, and all-gender single-user dressing rooms and bathrooms. Image acquisition should be performed using trauma-informed and patient-centered care. Finally, radiologists should be aware of reporting considerations for TGD patients, such as avoiding the use of gender in reports when it is not medically relevant and using precise, respectful language for findings related to GAHT and gender-affirming surgical procedures. As a field, radiology has a range of opportunities for improving care delivery for TGD patients, and the authors summarize recommended best practices. See the invited commentary by Stowell in this issue. RSNA, 2023 Quiz questions for this article are available in the supplemental material.
Topics: Humans; Female; Male; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Diagnostic Imaging; Patient-Centered Care; Organizational Policy
PubMed: 36602923
DOI: 10.1148/rg.220124 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Jul 2020Within the large topic of naming disorders, an important and separated chapter belongs to proper names. Defects of proper naming could be a selective linguistic problem....
OBJECTIVES
Within the large topic of naming disorders, an important and separated chapter belongs to proper names. Defects of proper naming could be a selective linguistic problem. Sometimes, it includes names belonging to various kinds of semantically unique entities, but other times, it has been observed for famous people proper names only. According to Bruce and Young's model, different stages allow to recognize, identify, and name famous people from their faces and voices, subsuming different anatomical pathways, both in right temporal lobe, and their different efficiency in this task. The present study aimed to report the normative data concerning the naming of the same famous people from voice and face.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
One hundred fifty-three normal subjects underwent a test in which they were requested to name famous people from their face and from their voice. The stimuli belonged to the previously published Famous People Recognition Battery.
RESULTS
The mean percentage score on naming from face was 84.42 ± 12.03% (range 55.26-100%) and the mean percentage score on naming from voice was 66.04 ± 16.81% (range 28.13-100%). The difference observed in performance by face and by voice resulted significant (t| = 15.973; p < 0.001). Regression analyses showed that the percentage score obtained on naming from faces was predicted by education, whereas naming from voice was predicted by education and gender.
DISCUSSION
Naming from voice is more difficult than from face, confirming a different difficulty of the two tasks. Education showed high predicting value for faces and less for voices, whereas gender contributed to predict results only for voices.
Topics: Face; Famous Persons; Names; Neuropsychological Tests; Recognition, Psychology; Voice
PubMed: 32086684
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04272-1