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The British Journal of Oral &... Dec 2022Females remain under-represented in surgery in the United Kingdom and around the globe. Gender representation on journal editorial boards is one of the key metrics of...
Females remain under-represented in surgery in the United Kingdom and around the globe. Gender representation on journal editorial boards is one of the key metrics of gender representation within academic surgery. The aim of this study was to quantify gender representation within the editorial leadership of journals affiliated with UK surgical specialties. A web-based search for each of the UK surgical specialty associations was conducted, followed by identification of the endorsed journals for each one. As of August 2022, data on the gender of the editor-in-chief and other journal leadership positions, including associate, section, and deputy editors, were collated. Gender classification was completed using first-name recognition, verified by a web search using the name and institution provided. Managing editors without clinical backgrounds were excluded. Ten journals were identified for the following surgical specialties: General Surgery, Trauma and Orthopaedics, Neurosurgery, Cardiothoracic, Urology, Paediatric Surgery, Ear Nose and Throat, Oral and Maxillofacial, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Vascular Surgery. In total, 242 editorial positions were identified: 207 were held by males (82.8%) and 35 by females (17.2%). There were no female editors-in-chief. The average female proportion of editorial leadership per journal was 18.8%. One journal had no female editorial leadership representation. Overall, the number of females in editorial leadership positions is comparable to the current proportion of UK female consultant surgeons (13.7%). Journals with an under-representation of females in senior editorial leadership positions compared with the parent specialty should consider initiatives that will encourage diversity, promote greater gender parity, and champion female representation.
Topics: Male; Female; Child; Humans; Periodicals as Topic; Specialties, Surgical; Leadership; United Kingdom
PubMed: 36344334
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2022.10.003 -
Neurological Sciences : Official... Jul 2020Within the large topic of naming disorders, an important and separated chapter belongs to proper names. Defects of proper naming could be a selective linguistic problem....
OBJECTIVES
Within the large topic of naming disorders, an important and separated chapter belongs to proper names. Defects of proper naming could be a selective linguistic problem. Sometimes, it includes names belonging to various kinds of semantically unique entities, but other times, it has been observed for famous people proper names only. According to Bruce and Young's model, different stages allow to recognize, identify, and name famous people from their faces and voices, subsuming different anatomical pathways, both in right temporal lobe, and their different efficiency in this task. The present study aimed to report the normative data concerning the naming of the same famous people from voice and face.
SUBJECTS AND METHODS
One hundred fifty-three normal subjects underwent a test in which they were requested to name famous people from their face and from their voice. The stimuli belonged to the previously published Famous People Recognition Battery.
RESULTS
The mean percentage score on naming from face was 84.42 ± 12.03% (range 55.26-100%) and the mean percentage score on naming from voice was 66.04 ± 16.81% (range 28.13-100%). The difference observed in performance by face and by voice resulted significant (t| = 15.973; p < 0.001). Regression analyses showed that the percentage score obtained on naming from faces was predicted by education, whereas naming from voice was predicted by education and gender.
DISCUSSION
Naming from voice is more difficult than from face, confirming a different difficulty of the two tasks. Education showed high predicting value for faces and less for voices, whereas gender contributed to predict results only for voices.
Topics: Face; Famous Persons; Names; Neuropsychological Tests; Recognition, Psychology; Voice
PubMed: 32086684
DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04272-1 -
Der Nervenarzt Feb 2020Max Nonne, an internationally renowned German neurologist, acted from 1918 to 1924 as president of the (first) Society of German Neurologists (GDN). Appointed honorary... (Review)
Review
Max Nonne, an internationally renowned German neurologist, acted from 1918 to 1924 as president of the (first) Society of German Neurologists (GDN). Appointed honorary president in 1925, he held this position in the (second) German Neurological Society (DGN) until his death. Since 1961, this association has honored 16 neurologists with a commemorative medal named after Nonne. His outstanding findings in various fields of neurology are uncontested and some of them live on as eponyms (Nonne-Apelt syndrome, Nonne-Froin syndrome, Nonne-Milroy-Meige syndrome); however, recent archival studies and an analysis of individual publications deeply darkened the image of the "grey eminence" of German neurology. Records kept at the Hamburg State Archive prove that in a memorandum from 1941/1942 following the example of Binding and Hoche, Nonne firmly approved the killing of "life absolutely unworthy of living". In a report addressed to the District Court of Hamburg he attested in 1946 that many physicians charged with manslaughter acted in accordance with the regulations governing "child euthanasia", resulting in the withdrawal of the accusation. In a further statement from 1949 he confirmed that the killing of children and the "euthanasia program" during the NS era were consistent with the state of medical science. An earlier book chapter authored by Nonne immediately after World War I suggested that his social-Darwinistically colored concept of mankind was developed clearly before the Nazi era. Notwithstanding the arrangement to which he came with the new powers after 1933 and his acceptance of tributes to him by them, he repeatedly stood up for his Jewish colleagues. He was never a Nazi, nevertheless, he engaged in activities that fostered NS "euthanasia" going far beyond a "mentality of approval".
Topics: Eponyms; Euthanasia; Germany; History, 20th Century; National Socialism; Neurologists; Neurology
PubMed: 32067081
DOI: 10.1007/s00115-019-00839-2 -
British Journal of Psychology (London,... Feb 2022The standards that a person pursue in life can be set in a rigid or flexible way. The recent literature has emphasized a distinction between high and realistic standards...
The standards that a person pursue in life can be set in a rigid or flexible way. The recent literature has emphasized a distinction between high and realistic standards of excellence, from high and unrealistic standards of perfection. In two studies, we investigated the role of striving towards excellence (i.e., excellencism) and striving towards perfection (i.e., perfectionism) in relation to divergent thinking, associative thinking, and openness to experience, general self-efficacy, and creative self-beliefs. In Study 1, 279 university students completed three divergent thinking items, which called for creative uses of two common objects and to name original things which make noise. A measure of openness to experience was included. Results from multiple regression indicated that participants pursuing excellence tended to generate more answers and more original ones compared with those pursuing perfection. Openness to experience was positively associated to excellencism and negatively associated to perfectionism. In Study 2 (n = 401 university students), we replicated these findings and extended them to associative tasks requiring participants to generate chains of unrelated words. Additional individual differences measures included general self-efficacy, creative self-efficacy, and creative personal identity. The results suggested that excellencism was associated with better performance on divergent thinking and associative tasks, compared with perfectionism. Excellencism was positively associated with all four personality variables, whereas perfectionism was significantly and negatively associated with openness to experience only. Implications for the distinction between perfectionism and excellencism with respect to creative indicators are discussed. In addition, the paradoxical finding that perfection strivers had high creative self-efficacy and creative personal identity but lower openness to experience and poorer performance on objective indicators of creative abilities is discussed.
Topics: Creativity; Humans; Perfectionism; Self Concept
PubMed: 34472100
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12530 -
Scientific Reports Dec 2022The partner-advantage is a type of identity-priority processing that we afford to a person with whom we perform a task together . The partner-advantage has been revealed...
The partner-advantage is a type of identity-priority processing that we afford to a person with whom we perform a task together . The partner-advantage has been revealed by shortened reaction time (RT) and enhanced accuracy when participants learned to match a shape with an associated name. It is distinguished from other long-lasting and robust identity advantages (e.g., self-advantage and friend-advantage) by its instantaneous build-up and quick reduction; however, its characteristics and enabling factors remain unknown. The present study addresses these questions. In Experiment 1, we replicated the partner-advantage in a solo shape-name matching task (i.e., without a social component) in which other identity biases are usually reported. In Experiment 2, an absent partner (who did not appear physically) was sufficient to induce beneficial partner-related processing, with a temporary partner enjoying a benefit similar to that of significant others. In Experiment 3, an identity low in socially affiliated significance (e.g., another participant in the same experiment) did not automatically enjoy a priority bias. Taken together, our results suggest that the bias toward partners, similar to other known identity biases, does not require physical presence to build and maintain a referential advantage. The partner-advantage does not automatically extend to other social affiliations, and a joint task is not a pre-requisite to produce the bias. Our study offers new insights on identity-referential processing and its underlying mechanisms.
Topics: Humans; Reaction Time; Friends; Bias; Names
PubMed: 36494379
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25052-1 -
Innere Medizin (Heidelberg, Germany) Jul 2022
Topics: Humans; Names; Physicians; Societies, Medical
PubMed: 35925273
DOI: 10.1007/s00108-022-01354-4 -
Bioethics Jul 2022"Mercy" holds a well-established place in the discourse on assisted death (AD), with mercy rhetoric used by both proponents and opponents of AD alike. In this paper, I...
"Mercy" holds a well-established place in the discourse on assisted death (AD), with mercy rhetoric used by both proponents and opponents of AD alike. In this paper, I interrogate the relationship between mercy, mercy killing and AD. Appeals to mercy introduce an ambiguity that carries implications for the enduring debate about healthcare professionals' participation in this controversial practice. The term "mercy killing" is used at different times to mean all of the following: killings that are acts of punitive leniency, killings motivated by pity, killings motivated by compassion, and acts of voluntary, involuntary and nonvoluntary euthanasia. I argue that killings that are acts of punitive leniency "track" a conceptually useful understanding of mercy and, by extension, mercy killing. However, if mercy is understood in this way, then "mercy killing" is a problematic way of characterizing physician-AD. While reference to mercy killing has been weeded out of AD legislation over time, the same cannot be said of public discourse, where the debate about physicians' character-and the locus of power with respect to who gets to decide when a life can rightly be ended-continues.
Topics: Empathy; Euthanasia; Euthanasia, Active; Euthanasia, Active, Voluntary; Health Personnel; Humans; Physicians; Suicide, Assisted
PubMed: 35266579
DOI: 10.1111/bioe.13017 -
British Journal of Nursing (Mark Allen... Oct 2022
Topics: Humans; Names; Racism; White People
PubMed: 36227789
DOI: 10.12968/bjon.2022.31.18.962 -
Cognition Aug 2021Infants can discriminate languages that belong to different rhythmic classes at birth. The ability to perform within-class discrimination emerges around the fifth month...
Infants can discriminate languages that belong to different rhythmic classes at birth. The ability to perform within-class discrimination emerges around the fifth month of life. The cues that infants use to discriminate between prosodically close languages remain elusive. Segmental information could be a potential cue, since infants notice vowel mispronunciations of their names, show the first signs of word recognition and the first signs of perceptual narrowing for vowels around 6 months of age. If infants have in place some proto-segmental information, most likely it is about vowels. Another potential cue infants may use to discriminate languages is intonation. We tested participants using sentences in Eastern Catalan, Western Catalan and Spanish. The two Catalan dialects and Spanish belong to the same rhythmic class, they are syllable-timed, but they differ in terms of vowel distribution, given that only Eastern Catalan has vocalic reduction. The vowel distributions of Western Catalan and Spanish are more comparable. However, they differ in terms of their intonational patterns. In Experiment 1, we tested the ability of 4.5-month-old infants learning Eastern Catalan and/or Spanish to discriminate between sentences in Eastern and Western Catalan and in Experiment 2 their ability to discriminate between sentences in Western Catalan and Spanish. In order to disentangle the contribution of segmental and suprasegmental information, we also tested infants using low-pass filtered sentences in the two dialects (Experiment 3) and low-pass filtered sentences in Western Catalan and Spanish (Experiment 4). Infants discriminated the two Catalan dialects only when the stimuli were natural sentences, whereas they were able to discriminate between Western Catalan and Spanish when the stimuli were either natural or low-pass filtered sentences. The research also provides evidence of equivalent language discrimination abilities in infants growing up in monolingual and bilingual environments.
Topics: Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Language; Language Development; Learning; Multilingualism; Names; Phonetics; Speech Perception
PubMed: 33618839
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2021.104628 -
Journal of Youth and Adolescence Apr 2022While research that investigates the importance of school-level promotive factors (e.g., teacher support) for sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) well-being has...
While research that investigates the importance of school-level promotive factors (e.g., teacher support) for sexual and gender minority youth (SGMY) well-being has proliferated, less research has focused on state-level climate and policy implications for gender minority youth-specific experiences. This study investigated the impact of two youth-specific SGM state-level laws (i.e., "anti-LGBT laws" and conversion therapy bans) on social transition experiences (i.e., name/pronoun use and using desired bathroom/locker rooms) of GMY (n = 4000) aged 13-17. Through a series of multivariable regression models, it was determined that the absence of laws that restricted rights for sexual and gender minority people was associated with greater use of the correct name and correct pronouns for transgender youth. These differences were further explained by binary gender identity (transgender binary or nonbinary) status, region, and age in multivariable models. Findings highlight the importance of enacting more uniform protections for SGMY, especially to protect transgender youth that live in the southern region of the U.S.
Topics: Adolescent; Female; Gender Identity; Humans; Male; Policy; Sexual Behavior; Sexual and Gender Minorities; Toilet Facilities; Transgender Persons
PubMed: 35171396
DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01582-9