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Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Sep 2022As the host defense response to various injuries and pathogens in the body, inflammation can remove damaged cells and pathogens in the host organism and protect the... (Review)
Review
As the host defense response to various injuries and pathogens in the body, inflammation can remove damaged cells and pathogens in the host organism and protect the body. However, excessive inflammation may cause damage to normal tissue cells while removing pathogens, which in turn cause numerous inflammatory diseases and adversely affect the human health. Phycocyanin is an active substance extracted from algae; it has outstanding antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, and can effectively inhibit various diseases caused by inflammation. This review systematically summarizes recent applications of phycocyanin against various inflammatory diseases in lung, liver, cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular systems. In addition, possible anti-inflammatory action pathways of phycocyanin are reviewed to canvass the anti-inflammatory mechanism. At last, based on the existing research, phycocyanobilin in phycocyanin is proposed as a bilirubin analog by inducing heme oxygenase 1 in vivo to suppress inflammation.
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Bilirubin; Humans; Inflammation; Phycocyanin
PubMed: 36076518
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113362 -
Journal of the American Nutrition... Aug 2023Spirulina is a blue-green algae which is cultivated not only for its maximum protein content but also due to the presence of other essential nutrients such as... (Review)
Review
Spirulina is a blue-green algae which is cultivated not only for its maximum protein content but also due to the presence of other essential nutrients such as carbohydrates and vitamins (A, C and E). It is also a storehouse of minerals including iron, calcium, chromium, copper, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and zinc. Simultaneously, γ- linolenic acid (an essential fatty acid), as well as pigments such as chlorophyll A and phycobiliproteins (C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin and β-carotene), is also a major component of its rich nutritional profile. Spirulina is known to have various promising effects on the prevention of cancer, oxidative stress, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and anemia. Moreover, it also plays a positive role in treating muscular cramps. The safety recommended dosage of Spirulina is approximately 3-10 g/d for adults and it's biological value (BV) is 75 with a net protein utilization (NPU) of 62. Spirulina does not have pericardium due to which it does not hinder the absorption of iron by chelation with phytates or oxalates. On the contrasting note, it may have some adverse effects due to the toxins (microcystins, β-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA)) produced by Spirulina which might contribute to acute poisoning, cancer, liver damage as well as gastrointestinal disturbances. Its long-term consumption may also lead to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The current review focuses on the various aspects of spirulina including its cultivation, nutritional composition, extraction techniques, health benefits, adverse effects, industrial scope and market value which could be beneficial for its utilization in the development of value-added products and supplementary foods due to its high content of protein and bioavailability of nutrients.
Topics: Spirulina; Chlorophyll A; Carbohydrates; Phycobiliproteins; Iron
PubMed: 35916491
DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2022.2103852 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Spirulina is a kind of blue-green algae (BGA) that is multicellular, filamentous, and prokaryotic. It is also known as a cyanobacterium. It is classified within the... (Review)
Review
Spirulina is a kind of blue-green algae (BGA) that is multicellular, filamentous, and prokaryotic. It is also known as a cyanobacterium. It is classified within the phylum known as blue-green algae. Despite the fact that it includes a high concentration of nutrients, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids-in particular, the necessary omega-3 fatty acids and omega-6 fatty acids-the percentage of total fat and cholesterol that can be found in these algae is substantially lower when compared to other food sources. This is the case even if the percentage of total fat that can be found in these algae is also significantly lower. In addition to this, spirulina has a high concentration of bioactive compounds, such as phenols, phycocyanin pigment, and polysaccharides, which all take part in a number of biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. As a result of this, spirulina has found its way into the formulation of a great number of medicinal foods, functional foods, and nutritional supplements. Therefore, this article makes an effort to shed light on spirulina, its nutritional value as a result of its chemical composition, and its applications to some food product formulations, such as dairy products, snacks, cookies, and pasta, that are necessary at an industrial level in the food industry all over the world. In addition, this article supports the idea of incorporating it into the food sector, both from a nutritional and health perspective, as it offers numerous advantages.
Topics: Dietary Supplements; Functional Food; Minerals; Phycocyanin; Spirulina
PubMed: 36080350
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27175584 -
Annual Review of Biophysics May 2021Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are extremely large chromophore-protein complexes on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacteria and red algae. The main function... (Review)
Review
Phycobilisomes (PBSs) are extremely large chromophore-protein complexes on the stromal side of the thylakoid membrane in cyanobacteria and red algae. The main function of PBSs is light harvesting, and they serve as antennas and transfer the absorbed energy to the reaction centers of two photosynthetic systems (photosystems I and II). PBSs are composed of phycobiliproteins and linker proteins. How phycobiliproteins and linkers are organized in PBSs and how light energy is efficiently harvested and transferred in PBSs are the fundamental questions in the study of photosynthesis. In this review, the structures of the red algae and are discussed in detail, along with the functions of linker proteins in phycobiliprotein assembly and in fine-tuning the energy state of chromophores.
Topics: Photosynthesis; Phycobilisomes; Rhodophyta
PubMed: 33957054
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-062920-063657 -
Bioengineered Jun 2022() aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen... (Review)
Review
() aqueous extract has massive amounts of natural products that can be used as future drugs, such as C-phycocyanin, allophycocyanin, etc. This extract was chosen because of its high adaptability, which reflects its resolute genetic composition. The proactive roles of cyanobacteria, particularly in the medical field, have been discussed in this review, including the history, previous food and drug administration (FDA) reports, health benefits and the various dose-dependent therapeutic functions that possesses, including its role in fighting against lethal diseases such as cancer, SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19, etc. However, the remedy will not present its maximal effect without the proper delivery to the targeted place for deposition. The goal of this research is to maximize the bioavailability and delivery efficiency of constituents through selected sites for effective therapeutic outcomes. The solutions reviewed are mainly on parenteral and tablet formulations. Moreover, suggested enteric polymers were discussed with minor composition variations applied for better storage in high humid countries alongside minor variations in the polymer design were suggested to enhance the premature release hindrance of basic drugs in low pH environments. In addition, it will open doors for research in delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in femtoscale with the use of various existing and new formulations. SDGs; , IL-4; , HDL; , LDL; , VLDL; , C-PC; , APC; , PE; , COX-2; , RCTs; , TNF-α; , γ-LFA; , PGs; , PUFAs: , NK-cell; , FDA; , GRAS; , SD; , API; , DW; , IM; , IV; , ID; , SC; , AERs; , DSI-EC; , cGMP; , Spirulina sp.; species, , Tecuitlatl; , CRC; , HDI; , Tf; , TfR; , FR; , CPP; , SUV; , LUV; , GUV; , MLV; , COVID-19; , PEGylated; , PEG; , OSCEs; , GI; , CAP; , HPMCP, , SR; , DR; , Poly(MA-EA); -DR L-30 D-55; , MW; , T; , SN; , EPR; , VEGF; , RGD; , VCAM-1; , P; , PES; , pH; , ζ-potential; , NTA; , PB; , DLS; , AFM; , Log P; , MR; , tPSA; , C log P; , CMR; , Log S; , pka; , DDAB; , DOPE; , GDP; , RES; , PKU; , MS; , SLE; , NASA; , DOX; , ADRs; , SVM; , MDA; , TBARS; , CRP; , CK; , LDH; , T2D; , PCB; , PBP; , PEB; , DPP-4; , MTT; , IL-2; , IL-6; , PRISMA; , STATA; , HepG2; , HCT116; , Kasumi-1; , K562; , Se-PC; , MCF-7; , A375; , RAS; , IQP; , VEP; , M; , PL; , BMI; , IC; , LD; , PC12 Adh; , RNS; , Hb1Ac; .
Topics: COVID-19; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Humans; Leukemia; Lipoproteins, LDL; Peptide Hydrolases; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Phycocyanin; Polymers; SARS-CoV-2; Spirulina; Treatment Outcome; United States; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A
PubMed: 35946342
DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2100863 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta.... Apr 2020Cyanobacteria and red-algae share a common light-harvesting complex which is different than all other complexes that serve as photosynthetic antennas - the Phycobilisome... (Review)
Review
Cyanobacteria and red-algae share a common light-harvesting complex which is different than all other complexes that serve as photosynthetic antennas - the Phycobilisome (PBS). The PBS is found attached to the stromal side of thylakoid membranes, filling up most of the gap between individual thylakoids. The PBS self assembles from similar homologous protein units that are soluble and contain conserved cysteine residues that covalently bind the light absorbing chromophores, linear tetra-pyrroles. Using similar construction principles, the PBS can be as large as 16.8 MDa (68×45×39nm), as small as 1.2 MDa (24 × 11.5 × 11.5 nm), and in some unique cases smaller still. The PBS can absorb light between 450 nm to 650 nm and in some cases beyond 700 nm, depending on the species, its composition and assembly. In this review, we will present new observations and structures that expand our understanding of the distinctive properties that make the PBS an amazing light harvesting system. At the end we will suggest why the PBS, for all of its excellent properties, was discarded by photosynthetic organisms that arose later in evolution such as green algae and higher plants.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Energy Transfer; Light-Harvesting Protein Complexes; Models, Molecular; Photochemical Processes; Phycobilisomes
PubMed: 31306623
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2019.07.002 -
Journal of Immunology Research 2022Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore that captures and senses light and a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation,... (Review)
Review
Phycocyanobilin (PCB) is a linear open-chain tetrapyrrole chromophore that captures and senses light and a variety of biological activities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory. In this paper, the biological activities of PCB are reviewed, and the related mechanism of PCB and its latest application in disease treatment are introduced. PCB can resist oxidation by scavenging free radicals, inhibiting the activity of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, and delaying the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, PCB can also be used as an excellent anti-inflammatory agent to reduce the proinflammatory factors IL-6 and IFN- and to up-regulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 by inhibiting the inflammatory signal pathways NF-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Due to the above biological activities of phycocyanobilin PCB, it is expected to become a new effective drug for treating various diseases, such as COVID-19 complications, atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis (MS), and ischaemic stroke (IS).
Topics: Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Brain Ischemia; Humans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; NADPH Oxidases; NF-kappa B; Phycobilins; Phycocyanin; Spirulina
PubMed: 35726224
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4008991 -
Biomolecules Nov 2019The phycobilisome (PBS) is the major light-harvesting complex of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, red algae, and glaucophyte algae. In spite of the fact that it is very... (Review)
Review
The phycobilisome (PBS) is the major light-harvesting complex of photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, red algae, and glaucophyte algae. In spite of the fact that it is very well structured to absorb light and transfer it efficiently to photosynthetic reaction centers, it has been completely lost in the green algae and plants. It is difficult to see how selection alone could account for such a major loss. An alternative scenario takes into account the role of chance, enabled by (contingent on) the evolution of an alternative antenna system early in the diversification of the three lineages from the first photosynthetic eukaryote.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Chlorophyta; Cyanobacteria; Evolution, Molecular; Photosynthesis; Phycobilisomes; Plant Proteins; Rhodophyta
PubMed: 31752285
DOI: 10.3390/biom9110748 -
The Plant Journal : For Cell and... May 2024CpcL-phycobilisomes (CpcL-PBSs) are a reduced type of phycobilisome (PBS) found in several cyanobacteria. They lack the traditional PBS terminal energy emitters, but...
CpcL-phycobilisomes (CpcL-PBSs) are a reduced type of phycobilisome (PBS) found in several cyanobacteria. They lack the traditional PBS terminal energy emitters, but still show the characteristic red-shifted fluorescence at ~670 nm. We established a method of assembling in vitro a rod-membrane linker protein, CpcL, with phycocyanin, generating complexes with the red-shifted spectral features of CpcL-PBSs. The red-shift arises from the interaction of a conserved key glutamine, Q57 of CpcL in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, with a single phycocyanobilin chromophore of trimeric phycocyanin at one of the three β82-sites. This chromophore is the terminal energy acceptor of CpcL-PBSs and donor to the photosystem(s). This mechanism also operates in PBSs from Acaryochloris marina MBIC11017. We then generated multichromic complexes harvesting light over nearly the complete visible range via the replacement of phycocyanobilin chromophores at sites α84 and β153 of phycocyanins by phycoerythrobilin and/or phycourobilin. The results demonstrate the rational design of biliprotein-based light-harvesting elements by engineering CpcL and phycocyanins, which broadens the light-harvesting range and accordingly improves the light-harvesting capacity and may be potentially applied in solar energy harvesting.
Topics: Phycobilisomes; Phycocyanin; Synechocystis; Bacterial Proteins; Phycobilins; Cyanobacteria
PubMed: 38319793
DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16666 -
Marine Drugs Jan 2023In the food industry, manufacturers and customers have paid more attention to natural pigments instead of the synthetic counterparts for their excellent coloring ability... (Review)
Review
In the food industry, manufacturers and customers have paid more attention to natural pigments instead of the synthetic counterparts for their excellent coloring ability and healthy properties. Microalgae are proven as one of the major photosynthesizers of naturally derived commercial pigments, gaining higher value in the global food pigment market. Microalgae-derived pigments, especially chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins, have unique colors and molecular structures, respectively, and show different physiological activities and health effects in the human body. This review provides recent updates on characteristics, application fields, stability in production and extraction processes of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phycobiliproteins to standardize and analyze their commercial production from microalgae. Potential food commodities for the pigment as eco-friendly colorants, nutraceuticals, and antioxidants are summarized for the target products. Then, recent cultivation strategies, metabolic and genomic designs are presented for high pigment productivity. Technical bottlenecks of downstream processing are discussed for improved stability and bioaccessibility during production. The production strategies of microalgal pigments have been exploited to varying degrees, with some already being applied at scale while others remain at the laboratory level. Finally, some factors affecting their global market value and future prospects are proposed. The microalgae-derived pigments have great potential in the food industry due to their high nutritional value and competitive production cost.
Topics: Antioxidants; Carotenoids; Chlorophyll; Food Industry; Microalgae; Phycobiliproteins
PubMed: 36827122
DOI: 10.3390/md21020082