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Nuclear Medicine and Biology 2021Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a versatile synthon for generating carbon‑carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Unlike other one-carbon synthons (i.e., CO, CO), HCN can... (Review)
Review
Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a versatile synthon for generating carbon‑carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds. Unlike other one-carbon synthons (i.e., CO, CO), HCN can function as a nucleophile (as in potassium cyanide, KCN) and an electrophile (as in cyanogen bromide, (CN)Br). The incorporation of the CN motif into organic molecules generates nitriles, hydantoins and (thio)cyanates, which can be converted to carboxylic acids, aldehydes, amides and amines. Such versatile chemistry is particularly attractive in PET radiochemistry where diverse bioactive small molecules incorporating carbon-11 in different positions need to be produced. The first examples of making [C]HCN for radiolabeling date back to the 1960s. During the ensuing decades, [C]cyanide labeling was popular for producing biologically important molecules including C-labeled α-amino acids, sugars and neurotransmitters. [C]cyanation is now reemerging in many PET centers due to its versatility for making novel tracers. Here, we summarize the chemistry of [C]HCN, review the methods to make [C]HCN past and present, describe methods for labeling different types of molecules with [C]HCN, and provide an overview of the reactions available to convert nitriles into other functional groups. Finally, we discuss some of the challenges and opportunities in [C]HCN labeling such as developing more robust methods to produce [C]HCN and developing rapid and selective methods to convert nitriles into other functional groups in complex molecules.
Topics: Positron-Emission Tomography
PubMed: 34624831
DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2021.09.002 -
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry Apr 2023A practical, one-pot approach to 3-anilino-4-(het)arylmaleimides by simple heating of aqueous DMSO solution of 2'-nitrochalcones with potassium cyanide in the presence...
A practical, one-pot approach to 3-anilino-4-(het)arylmaleimides by simple heating of aqueous DMSO solution of 2'-nitrochalcones with potassium cyanide in the presence of formic acid has been developed. This new reaction provides effective access to a variety of β-substituted α-aminomaleimides which have recently become a subject of growing interest as small, easily modified and environmentally responsive fluorescent probes.
PubMed: 36945887
DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00197k -
Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No... Dec 2023And Then There Were None and Sparkling Cyanide, two of Agatha Christie's famous novels describe potassium cyanide-induced deaths. Cyanide, a tasteless, odorless,...
And Then There Were None and Sparkling Cyanide, two of Agatha Christie's famous novels describe potassium cyanide-induced deaths. Cyanide, a tasteless, odorless, strongly alkaline poison is a powerful gastrointestinal irritant, following oral ingestion. It reacts with hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice to produce hydrogen cyanide gas, which is absorbed and inhibits the mitochondrial electron transfer system and consequently suppresses adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. Therefore, the central nervous system, which consumes a large amount of ATP, is first affected and symptoms of poisoning manifest as dizziness, disorientation, coma, and convulsions. The orally lethal dose is approximately 300 mg.
Topics: Humans; Cyanides; Antidotes; Seizures; Adenosine Triphosphate
PubMed: 38097219
DOI: 10.11477/mf.1416202529 -
Organic Letters May 2024A catalytic 1,1-dicarbofunctionalization of electron-deficient olefins was effected on the basis of the three-component coupling reactions involving olefins bearing...
A catalytic 1,1-dicarbofunctionalization of electron-deficient olefins was effected on the basis of the three-component coupling reactions involving olefins bearing vicinal electron-withdrawing groups, potassium cyanide, and an alkyl halide, which afforded geminally cyanoalkylated products in high yields via conjugate cyanation, 1,2-proton transfer, and enolate alkylation. The use of suitable chiral phase-transfer catalysts enabled asymmetric induction in this transformation.
PubMed: 38695395
DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00866 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Sep 2022Agriculture faces challenges to fulfil the rising food demand due to shortage of arable land and various environmental stressors. Traditional farming technologies help... (Review)
Review
Agriculture faces challenges to fulfil the rising food demand due to shortage of arable land and various environmental stressors. Traditional farming technologies help in fulfilling food demand but they are harmful to humans and environmental sustainability. The food production along with agro-environmental sustainability could be achieved by encouraging farmers to use agro-environmental sustainable products such as biofertilizers and biopesticides consisting of live microbes or plant extract instead of chemical-based inputs. The eco-friendly formulations play a significant role in plant growth promotion, crop yield and repairing degraded soil texture and fertility sustainably. Mineral solubilizing microbes that provide vital nutrients like phosphorus, potassium, zinc and selenium are essential for plant growth and development and could be developed as biofertilizers. These microbes could be plant associated (rhizospheric, endophytic and phyllospheric) or inhabit the bulk soil and diverse extreme habitats. Mineral solubilizing microbes from soil, extreme environments, surface and internal parts of the plant belong to diverse phyla such as Ascomycota, Actinobacteria, Basidiomycota, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Mucoromycota, Proteobacteria and Tenericutes. Mineral solubilizing microbes (MSMs) directly or indirectly stimulate plant growth and development either by releasing plant growth regulators; solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, zinc, selenium and silicon; biological nitrogen fixation and production of siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, hydrolytic enzymes and bioactive compound/secondary metabolites. Biofertilizer developed using mineral solubilizing microbes is an eco-friendly solution to the sustainable food production system in many countries worldwide. The present review deals with the biodiversity of mineral solubilizing microbes, and potential roles in crop improvement and soil well-being for agricultural sustainability.
Topics: Agriculture; Bacteria; Fertilizers; Humans; Microbiota; Phosphorus; Plants; Potassium; Selenium; Soil; Soil Microbiology; Zinc
PubMed: 35588278
DOI: 10.1111/jam.15627 -
Marine Pollution Bulletin Sep 2022
Topics: Animals; Embryo, Nonmammalian; Potassium Cyanide; Sea Urchins
PubMed: 35872477
DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113965 -
Folia Microbiologica Feb 2024Endophytic microbes are plant-associated microorganisms that reside in the interior tissue of plants without causing damage to the host plant. Endophytic microbes can... (Review)
Review
Endophytic microbes are plant-associated microorganisms that reside in the interior tissue of plants without causing damage to the host plant. Endophytic microbes can boost the availability of nutrient for plant by using a variety of mechanisms such as fixing nitrogen, solubilizing phosphorus, potassium, and zinc, and producing siderophores, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, and phytohormones that help plant for growth and protection against various abiotic and biotic stresses. The microbial endophytes have attained the mechanism of producing various hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulase, pectinase, xylanase, amylase, gelatinase, and bioactive compounds for plant growth promotion and protection. The efficient plant growth promoting endophytic microbes could be used as an alternative of chemical fertilizers for agro-environmental sustainability. Endophytic microbes belong to different phyla including Euryarchaeota, Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mucoromycota, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The most pre-dominant group of bacteria belongs to Proteobacteria including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria. The least diversity of the endophytic microbes have been revealed from Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Acidobacteria. Among reported genera, Achromobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Herbaspirillum, Pseudomonas, Pantoea, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces were dominant in most host plants. The present review deals with plant endophytic diversity, mechanisms of plant growth promotion, protection, and their role for agro-environmental sustainability. In the future, application of endophytic microbes have potential role in enhancement of crop productivity and maintaining the soil health in sustainable manner.
Topics: Endophytes; Bacteria; Bacillus; Basidiomycota; Ascomycota
PubMed: 37747637
DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01092-6 -
Current Research in Microbial Sciences 2022Modern intensive agricultural practices face numerous challenges that pose major threats to global food security. In order to address the nutritional requirements of the... (Review)
Review
Modern intensive agricultural practices face numerous challenges that pose major threats to global food security. In order to address the nutritional requirements of the ever-increasing world population, chemical fertilizers and pesticides are applied on large scale to increase crop production. However, the injudicious use of agrochemicals has resulted in environmental pollution leading to public health hazards. Moreover, agriculture soils are continuously losing their quality and physical properties as well as their chemical (imbalance of nutrients) and biological health. Plant-associated microbes with their plant growth- promoting traits have enormous potential to solve these challenges and play a crucial role in enhancing plant biomass and crop yield. The beneficial mechanisms of plant growth improvement include enhanced nutrient availability, phytohormone modulation, biocontrol of phytopathogens and amelioration of biotic and abiotic stresses. Solid-based or liquid bioinoculant formulation comprises inoculum preparation, addition of cell protectants such as glycerol, lactose, starch, a good carrier material, proper packaging and best delivery methods. Recent developments of formulation include entrapment/microencapsulation, nano-immobilization of microbial bioinoculants and biofilm-based biofertilizers. This review critically examines the current state-of-art on use of microbial strains as biofertilizers and the important roles performed by these beneficial microbes in maintaining soil fertility and enhancing crop productivity.
PubMed: 35024641
DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100094 -
BMJ Case Reports Jul 2019While potassium cyanide poisoning has been well described, the toxicity of potassium gold cyanide is less well understood. This case describes an 84-year-old man who...
While potassium cyanide poisoning has been well described, the toxicity of potassium gold cyanide is less well understood. This case describes an 84-year-old man who presented after an intentional ingestion of 0.5-1 teaspoons of potassium gold cyanide. Despite antidotal therapy, the patient rapidly developed severe lactic acidosis, multiorgan dysfunction and ultimately expired. While the patient's clinical findings were consistent with acute cyanide poisoning, a serum cyanide level was below the toxic threshold. Previous reports have suggested that gold toxicity may also contribute to the effects of potassium gold cyanide, and may have played a role in the patient's rapid decline. In addition to treatment of cyanide toxicity, management of acute gold toxicity should also be considered in potassium gold cyanide ingestion.
Topics: Acidosis, Lactic; Aged, 80 and over; Cyanates; Gold; Gold Compounds; Humans; Male; Potassium Cyanide; Suicide
PubMed: 31350229
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2019-229947