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International Journal of Environmental... Feb 2020The emergence and spread of mobile colistin (COL) resistance () genes jeopardize the efficacy of COL, a last resort antibiotic for treating deadly infections. COL has... (Review)
Review
The emergence and spread of mobile colistin (COL) resistance () genes jeopardize the efficacy of COL, a last resort antibiotic for treating deadly infections. COL has been used in livestock for decades globally. Bacteria have mobilized genes (-1 to -9). Mcr-gene-containing bacteria (MGCB) have disseminated by horizontal/lateral transfer into diverse ecosystems, including aquatic, soil, botanical, wildlife, animal environment, and public places. The -1, -2, -3, -5, -7, and -8 have been detected in isolates from and/or directly in environmental samples. These genes are harboured by , , , , , , , , , , , and isolates. Different conjugative and non-conjugative plasmids form the backbones for in these isolates, but have also been integrated into the chromosome of some strains. Insertion sequences (IS) (especially IS) located upstream or downstream of , class 1-3 integrons, and transposons are other drivers of in the environment. Genes encoding multi-/extensive-drug resistance and virulence are often co-located with on plasmids in environmental isolates. Transmission of to/among environmental strains is clonally unrestricted. Contact with the -containing reservoirs, consumption of contaminated animal-/plant-based foods or water, international animal-/plant-based food trades and travel, are routes for transmission of MGCB.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Ecosystem; Genes, Bacterial; Plasmids
PubMed: 32041167
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031028 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2023Changes in diet and environment can lead to acute diarrhea in companion animals, but the composition and interactions of the gut microbiome during acute diarrhea remain...
Changes in diet and environment can lead to acute diarrhea in companion animals, but the composition and interactions of the gut microbiome during acute diarrhea remain unclear. In this multicenter case-control study, we investigated the relationship between intestinal flora and acute diarrhea in two breeds of cats. Acutely diarrheic American Shorthair (MD, = 12) and British Shorthair (BD, = 12) and healthy American Shorthair (MH, = 12) and British Shorthair (BH, = 12) cats were recruited. Gut microbial 16S rRNA sequencing, metagenomic sequencing, and untargeted metabolomic analysis were performed. We observed significant differences in beta-diversity (Adonis, < 0.05) across breeds and disease state cohorts. Profound differences in gut microbial structure and function were found between the two cat breeds. In comparison to healthy British Shorthair cats, , , and were enriched while , , and were reduced in American Shorthair cats. In the case-control cohort, cats with acute diarrhea exhibited an increased abundance of , , and Prevotella copri and a decreased abundance of , , and (both MD and BD cats, < 0.05). Metabolomic analysis identified significant changes in the BD intestine, affecting 45 metabolic pathways. Moreover, using a random forest classifier, we successfully predicted the occurrence of acute diarrhea with an area under the curve of 0.95. Our findings indicate a distinct gut microbiome profile that is associated with the presence of acute diarrhea in cats. However, further investigations using larger cohorts of cats with diverse conditions are required to validate and extend these findings. Acute diarrhea is common in cats, and our understanding of the gut microbiome variations across breeds and disease states remains unclear. We investigated the gut microbiome of two cat breeds (British Shorthair and American Shorthair) with acute diarrhea. Our study revealed significant effects of breeds and disease states on the structure and function of the gut microbiota in cats. These findings emphasize the need to consider breed-related factors in animal nutrition and research models. Additionally, we observed an altered gut metabolome in cats with acute diarrhea, closely linked to changes in bacterial genera. We identified a panel of microbial biomarkers with high diagnostic accuracy for feline acute diarrhea. These findings provide novel insights into the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of feline gastrointestinal diseases.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Case-Control Studies; Feces; Diarrhea; Firmicutes
PubMed: 37428087
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00590-23 -
Frontiers in Psychiatry 2022
PubMed: 35308870
DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.837283 -
Biology Feb 2023Parasitoids are promising biocontrol agents of the devastating fruit fly, . However, parasitoid performance is a function of several factors, including host-associated...
Parasitoids are promising biocontrol agents of the devastating fruit fly, . However, parasitoid performance is a function of several factors, including host-associated symbiotic bacteria. , , and are among the symbiotic bacteria commonly associated with , and they influence the eco-physiological functioning of this pest. However, whether these bacteria influence the interaction between this pest and its parasitoids is unknown. This study sought to elucidate the nature of the interaction of the parasitoids, , , and with as mediated by symbiotic bacteria. Three types of fly lines were used: axenic, symbiotic, and bacteria-mono-associated (, , and ). The suitable stages of each fly line were exposed to the respective parasitoid species and reared until the emergence of adult flies/parasitoids. Thereafter, data on the emergence and parasitoid fitness traits were recorded. No wasps emerged from the fly lines exposed to . The highest emergence of . and was recorded in the fly lines. The parasitoid progeny from the and fly lines had the longest developmental time and the largest body size. Conversely, parasitoid fecundity was significantly lower in the lines, whereas the lines significantly improved fecundity. These results elucidate some effects of bacterial symbionts on host-parasitoid interactions and their potential in enhancing parasitoid-oriented management strategies against .
PubMed: 36829551
DOI: 10.3390/biology12020274 -
Journal of Insect Science (Online) May 2023Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens (Loew)) (Diptera: Tephritidae) represents a major threat to fruit production in the Western Hemisphere. Sterile insect technique is...
Mexican fruit fly (Anastrepha ludens (Loew)) (Diptera: Tephritidae) represents a major threat to fruit production in the Western Hemisphere. Sterile insect technique is used to suppress and eradicate wild populations. Success of this control method necessitates weekly production of hundreds of millions of flies, their sterilization by irradiation, and their aerial release. Diet needed to produce large fly numbers are conducive to the spread of bacteria. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 3 rearing facilities and from multiple sources: eggs, larvae, pupae and spent diet, and were found to include some isolates identified to the genus Providencia (Enterobacteriales: Morganellaceae). We identified 41 Providencia isolates and tested their pathogenicity to A. ludens. Based on 16s rRNA sequences, 3 groups were clustered into several species of Providencia with varying capacities to affect the Mexican fruit fly production. Isolates putatively identified as P. alcalifaciens/P. rustigianii were all pathogenic causing larval and pupal yield reduction of 46-64% and 37-57%, respectively. Among them, Providencia isolate 3006 was the most pathogenic reducing larval and pupae yield by 73 and 81%, respectively. Isolates identified as P. sneebia were not pathogenic. The final cluster, P. rettgeri/P. vermicola, were variable in pathogenicity with 3 isolates yielding like the control and the rest causing larval and pupal yield reduction of 26-53% and 23-51%, respectively. Isolates putatively identified as P. alcalifaciens/P. rustigianii were more virulent than P. rettgeri/P. vermicola. Accurate identification of species is needed to diagnose and monitor pathogenic versus nonpathogenic Providencia strains.
Topics: Animals; Tephritidae; Providencia; Virulence; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Ovum; Larva; Pupa
PubMed: 37220089
DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iead024 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Oct 2020The microbial consortium associated with sandflies has gained relevance, with its composition shifting throughout distinct developmental stages, being strongly...
The microbial consortium associated with sandflies has gained relevance, with its composition shifting throughout distinct developmental stages, being strongly influenced by the surroundings and food sources. The bacterial components of the microbiota can interfere with Leishmania development inside the sandfly vector. Microbiota diversity and host-microbiota-pathogen interactions regarding New World sandfly species have yet to be thoroughly studied, particularly in Lutzomyia longipalpis, the primary vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil.The native microbiota of different developmental stages and physiological conditions of Lu. longipalpis (Lapinha Cave), was described by culturing and 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The 16s rRNA sequencing of culture-dependent revealed 13 distinct bacterial genera (Bacillus, Enterococcus, Erwinia, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Klebsiella, Lysinibacillus, Pseudocitrobacter, Providencia, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Staphylococcus and Solibacillus). The in vitro and in vivo effects of each one of the 13 native bacteria from the Lu. longipalpis were analyzed by co-cultivation with promastigotes of L.i. chagasi, L. major, L. amazonensis, and L. braziliensis. After 24 h of co-cultivation, a growth reduction observed in all parasite species. When the parasites were co-cultivated with Lysinibacillus, all parasites of L. infantum chagasi and L. amazonensis died within 24 hours. In the in vivo co-infection of L.chagasi, L. major and L. amazonensis with the genera Lysinibacillus, Pseudocitrobacter and Serratia it was possible to observe a significant difference between the groups co-infected with the bacterial genera and the control group.These findings suggest that symbiont bacteria (Lysinibacillus, Serratia, and Pseudocitrobacter) are potential candidates for paratransgenic or biological control. Further studies are needed to identify the nature of the effector molecules involved in reducing the vector competence for Leishmania.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Leishmania; Microbiota; Psychodidae; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
PubMed: 33052941
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008666 -
JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology Dec 2021
Topics: Cardiac Conduction System Disease; Humans; Myotonic Dystrophy
PubMed: 34949430
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.10.005 -
International Journal of Antimicrobial... May 2024The ESCPM group (Enterobacter species including Klebsiella aerogenes - formerly Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii complex, Providencia... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
INTRODUCTION
The ESCPM group (Enterobacter species including Klebsiella aerogenes - formerly Enterobacter aerogenes, Serratia species, Citrobacter freundii complex, Providencia species and Morganella morganii) has not yet been incorporated into systematic surveillance programs.
METHODS
We conducted a multicentre retrospective observational study analysing all ESCPM strains isolated from blood cultures in 27 European hospitals over a 3-year period (2020-2022). Diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and antimicrobial susceptibility were investigated.
RESULTS
Our study comprised 6,774 ESCPM isolates. MALDI-TOF coupled to mass spectrometry was the predominant technique for bacterial identification. Susceptibility to new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations and confirmation of AmpC overproduction were routinely tested in 33.3% and 29.6% of the centres, respectively. The most prevalent species were E. cloacae complex (44.8%) and S. marcescens (22.7%). Overall, third-generation cephalosporins (3GC), combined third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins (3GC + 4GC) and carbapenems resistance phenotypes were observed in 15.7%, 4.6%, and 9.5% of the isolates, respectively. AmpC overproduction was the most prevalent resistance mechanism detected (15.8%). Among carbapenemase-producers, carbapenemase type was provided in 44.4% of the isolates, VIM- (22.9%) and OXA-48-enzyme (16%) being the most frequently detected. E. cloacae complex, K. aerogenes and Providencia species exhibited the most notable cumulative antimicrobial resistance profiles, with the former displaying 3GC, combined 3GC + 4GC and carbapenems resistance phenotypes in 15.2%, 7.4%, and 12.8% of the isolates, respectively. K. aerogenes showed the highest rate of both 3GC resistant phenotype (29.8%) and AmpC overproduction (32.1%), while Providencia species those of both carbapenems resistance phenotype (42.7%) and carbapenemase production (29.4%). ESCPM isolates exhibiting both 3GC and combined 3GC + 4GC resistance phenotypes displayed high susceptibility to ceftazidime/avibactam (98.2% and 95.7%, respectively) and colistin (90.3% and 90.7%, respectively). Colistin emerged as the most active drug against ESCPM species (except those intrinsically resistant) displaying both carbapenems resistance phenotype (85.8%) and carbapenemase production (97.8%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study presented a current analysis of ESCPM species epidemiology in Europe, providing insights to inform current antibiotic treatments and guide strategies for antimicrobial stewardship and diagnostics.
Topics: Humans; Bacterial Proteins; Europe; beta-Lactamases; Retrospective Studies; Enterobacteriaceae Infections; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Enterobacteriaceae; Hospitals; beta-Lactamase Inhibitors; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
PubMed: 38367844
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107115 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jul 2022Radiology is a technical service that provides medical imaging for all sectors of healthcare. Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) is a major challenge in radiology and...
INTRODUCTION
Radiology is a technical service that provides medical imaging for all sectors of healthcare. Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) is a major challenge in radiology and this is exacerbated in contexts where the healthcare system is unable to provide adequate funding and attention to effective infection control measures. The objectives of this study were to audit current cleaning procedures through the observation of practices in a radiology department, and to determine the types and numbers of nosocomial pathogens present on selected radiology imaging equipment and accessories before and after decontamination.
METHODOLOGY
In phase one we observed seven radiographers to audit cleaning procedures and practices. In phase two we collected swab samples from selected radiology imaging equipment and accessories and then cultured them for identification of microbes.
RESULTS
It was observed that radiographers partially practiced infection control measures. This was due to the absence of documented protocol for infection control procedures. Our results indicated that all the selected equipment and accessories were contaminated with microorganisms pre- and post-cleaning. The identified microbes were Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS), Bacillus species (spp.), Shigella spp., Shigella sonnei., Klebsiella spp., Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A), Salmonella typhi (S. typhi), Providencia rettgeri, Enterobacter spp. and Citrobacter spp. and Methicillin resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).
CONCLUSIONS
The research concluded that the recommended cleaning agents did not effectively reduce the number of microorganisms making the selected equipment and accessories fomites for nosocomial pathogens.
Topics: Cross Infection; Equipment Contamination; Fomites; Hospitals; Humans; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Radiology; Staphylococcal Infections
PubMed: 35905022
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.14225 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Bloodstream infections associated with AmpC-producing Enterobacterales are severe medical conditions which, without prompt and effective treatment, may have dire...
Bloodstream infections associated with AmpC-producing Enterobacterales are severe medical conditions which, without prompt and effective treatment, may have dire ramifications. This study aimed to assess whether certain comorbidities and previous surgical procedures coincide with resistance determinants of AmpC-producing Enterobacterales associated with bloodstream infections. Antibiotic resistance patterns and therapy outcome were also determined. The patients' data obtained revealed that the prevalence of recent surgical procedures, solid organ tumors, metabolic diseases, kidney and liver failure, and hematological malignancies do not differ between resistant and susceptible isolates of AmpC-producing Enterobacterales. Furthermore, no difference was reported in mortality rates. Regarding antibiotic resistance, 34.52% of isolates were confirmed to be resistant (AmpC hyperproduction, ESBL, or carbapenemase). More than one in five AmpC hyperproducers were reported amid spp., , , and strains. Carbapenemases were mostly noted in spp. followed by and strains. had the highest proportion of ESBLsof ESBLs. Resistance to expanded-spectrum cephalosporins of spp. and strains exceeded 50%, and resistance to meropenem over 10% was observed only in strains. Enterobacterales' ever-growing resistance to antibiotics is becoming quite a challenge for clinicians and new treatment options are required.
PubMed: 37764933
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091125