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International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2020is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in... (Review)
Review
is an opportunistic human pathogen causing devastating acute and chronic infections in individuals with compromised immune systems. Its highly notorious persistence in clinical settings is attributed to its ability to form antibiotic-resistant biofilms. Biofilm is an architecture built mostly by autogenic extracellular polymeric substances which function as a scaffold to encase the bacteria together on surfaces, and to protect them from environmental stresses, impedes phagocytosis and thereby conferring the capacity for colonization and long-term persistence. Here we review the current knowledge on biofilms, its development stages, and molecular mechanisms of invasion and persistence conferred by biofilms. Explosive cell lysis within bacterial biofilm to produce essential communal materials, and interspecies biofilms of and commensal which impedes virulence and possibly improves disease conditions will also be discussed. Recent research on diagnostics of infections will be investigated. Finally, therapeutic strategies for the treatment of biofilms along with their advantages and limitations will be compiled.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum Sensing
PubMed: 33212950
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228671 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Nov 2019Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, Gram-negative environmental organism. It can be a significant pathogenic factor of severe infections in humans, especially... (Review)
Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, Gram-negative environmental organism. It can be a significant pathogenic factor of severe infections in humans, especially in cystic fibrosis patients. Due to its natural resistance to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilms, infection with this pathogen can cause severe therapeutic problems. In recent years, metabolomic studies of P. aeruginosa have been performed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed recent achievements in the use of metabolomics methods in bacterial identification, differentiation, the interconnection between genome and metabolome, the influence of external factors on the bacterial metabolome and identification of new metabolites produced by P. aeruginosa. All of these studies may provide valuable information about metabolic pathways leading to an understanding of the adaptations of bacterial strains to a host environment, which can lead to new drug development and/or elaboration of new treatment and diagnostics strategies for Pseudomonas.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Genome, Bacterial; Host Microbial Interactions; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 31701321
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2739-1 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to... (Review)
Review
is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to cause chronic infections. The adaptability and flexibility of the pathogen are afforded by the extensive number of virulence factors it has at its disposal, providing with the facility to tailor its response against the different stressors in the environment. A deep understanding of these virulence mechanisms is crucial for the design of therapeutic strategies and vaccines against this multi-resistant pathogen. Therefore, this review describes the main virulence factors of and the adaptations it undergoes to persist in hostile environments such as the CF respiratory tract. The very large genome (5 to 7 MB) contributes considerably to its adaptive capacity; consequently, genomic studies have provided significant insights into elucidating evolution and its interactions with the host throughout the course of infection.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Lung; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum Sensing; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33803907
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063128 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2022Carbapenem-resistant (CR-PA) is a major healthcare-associated pathogen worldwide. In the United States, 10-30% of isolates are carbapenem-resistant, while globally the... (Review)
Review
Carbapenem-resistant (CR-PA) is a major healthcare-associated pathogen worldwide. In the United States, 10-30% of isolates are carbapenem-resistant, while globally the percentage varies considerably. A subset of carbapenem-resistant isolates harbour carbapenemases, although due in part to limited screening for these enzymes in clinical laboratories, the actual percentage is unknown. Carbapenemase-mediated carbapenem resistance in is a significant concern as it greatly limits the choice of anti-infective strategies, although detecting carbapenemase-producing in the clinical laboratory can be challenging. Such organisms also have been associated with nosocomial spread requiring infection prevention interventions. The carbapenemases present in vary widely by region but include the Class A beta-lactamases, KPC and GES; metallo-beta-lactamases IMP, NDM, SPM, and VIM; and the Class D, OXA-48 enzymes. Rapid confirmation and differentiation among the various classes of carbapenemases is key to the initiation of early effective therapy. This may be accomplished using either molecular genotypic methods or phenotypic methods, although both have their limitations. Prompt evidence that rules out carbapenemases guides clinicians to more optimal therapeutic selections based on local phenotypic profiling of non-carbapenemase-producing, carbapenem-resistant . This article will review the testing strategies available for optimizing therapy of infections.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 35240944
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2048972 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... Sep 2020Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to... (Review)
Review
Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to different antibiotics. This bacterium prompts extensive tissue damage with varying factors of virulence, and its biofilm production causes chronic and antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, due to the non-applicability of antibiotics for the destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilm, alternative approaches have been considered by researchers, and phage therapy is one of these new therapeutic solutions. Bacteriophages can be used to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm by destroying the extracellular matrix, increasing the permeability of antibiotics into the inner layer of biofilm, and inhibiting its formation by stopping the quorum-sensing activity. Furthermore, the combined use of bacteriophages and other compounds with anti-biofilm properties such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and natural products can be of more interest because they invade the biofilm by various mechanisms and can be more effective than the one used alone. On the other hand, the use of bacteriophages for biofilm destruction has some limitations such as limited host range, high-density biofilm, sub-populate phage resistance in biofilm, and inhibition of phage infection via quorum sensing in biofilm. Therefore, in this review, we specifically discuss the use of phage therapy for inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm in clinical and in vitro studies to identify different aspects of this treatment for broader use.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Biofilms; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Phage Therapy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 32998720
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00389-5 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2020is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a model bacterium for studying virulence and bacterial social traits. While it can be isolated in low numbers from a wide...
is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a model bacterium for studying virulence and bacterial social traits. While it can be isolated in low numbers from a wide variety of environments including soil and water, it can readily be found in almost any human/animal-impacted environment. It is a major cause of illness and death in humans with immunosuppressive and chronic conditions, and infections in these patients are difficult to treat due to a number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the organism's propensity to form multicellular biofilms.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Biological Evolution; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Phylogeny; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence
PubMed: 31597590
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000860 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2021In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases,... (Review)
Review
In recent years, the effectiveness of antimicrobials in the treatment of infections has gradually decreased. This pathogen can be observed in several clinical cases, such as pneumonia, urinary tract infections, sepsis, in immunocompromised hosts, such as neutropenic cancer, burns, and AIDS patients. Furthermore, causes diseases in both livestock and pets. The highly flexible and versatile genome of allows it to have a high rate of pathogenicity. The numerous secreted virulence factors, resulting from its numerous secretion systems, the multi-resistance to different classes of antibiotics, and the ability to produce biofilms are pathogenicity factors that cause numerous problems in the fight against infections and that must be better understood for an effective treatment. Infections by represent, therefore, a major health problem and, as resistance genes can be disseminated between the microbiotas associated with humans, animals, and the environment, this issue needs be addressed on the basis of an One Health approach. This review intends to bring together and describe in detail the molecular and metabolic pathways in 's pathogenesis, to contribute for the development of a more targeted therapy against this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Genomics; Humans; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 34884697
DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312892 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology May 2021Intense genome sequencing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) airways has shown inefficient eradication of the infecting bacteria, as well as... (Review)
Review
Intense genome sequencing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) airways has shown inefficient eradication of the infecting bacteria, as well as previously undocumented patient-to-patient transmission of adapted clones. However, genome sequencing has limited potential as a predictor of chronic infection and of the adaptive state during infection, and thus there is increasing interest in linking phenotypic traits to the genome sequences. Phenotypic information ranges from genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of patient samples to determination of more specific traits associated with metabolic changes, stress responses, antibiotic resistance and tolerance, biofilm formation and slow growth. Environmental conditions in the CF lung shape both genetic and phenotypic changes of P. aeruginosa during infection. In this Review, we discuss the adaptive and evolutionary trajectories that lead to early diversification and late convergence, which enable P. aeruginosa to succeed in this niche, and we point out how knowledge of these biological features may be used to guide diagnosis and therapy.
Topics: Biological Evolution; Cystic Fibrosis; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 33214718
DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-00477-5 -
Nature Microbiology Aug 2023Efficient colonization of mucosal surfaces is essential for opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but how bacteria collectively and individually adapt to...
Efficient colonization of mucosal surfaces is essential for opportunistic pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but how bacteria collectively and individually adapt to optimize adherence, virulence and dispersal is largely unclear. Here we identified a stochastic genetic switch, hecR-hecE, which is expressed bimodally and generates functionally distinct bacterial subpopulations to balance P. aeruginosa growth and dispersal on surfaces. HecE inhibits the phosphodiesterase BifA and stimulates the diguanylate cyclase WspR to increase c-di-GMP second messenger levels and promote surface colonization in a subpopulation of cells; low-level HecE-expressing cells disperse. The fraction of HecE cells is tuned by different stress factors and determines the balance between biofilm formation and long-range cell dispersal of surface-grown communities. We also demonstrate that the HecE pathway represents a druggable target to effectively counter P. aeruginosa surface colonization. Exposing such binary states opens up new ways to control mucosal infections by a major human pathogen.
Topics: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Bacterial Adhesion; Biofilms
PubMed: 37291227
DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01403-0 -
Science (New York, N.Y.) Aug 2021Capturing the heterogeneous phenotypes of microbial populations at relevant spatiotemporal scales is highly challenging. Here, we present par-seqFISH (parallel...
Capturing the heterogeneous phenotypes of microbial populations at relevant spatiotemporal scales is highly challenging. Here, we present par-seqFISH (parallel sequential fluorescence in situ hybridization), a transcriptome-imaging approach that records gene expression and spatial context within microscale assemblies at a single-cell and molecule resolution. We applied this approach to the opportunistic pathogen , analyzing about 600,000 individuals across dozens of conditions in planktonic and biofilm cultures. We identified numerous metabolic- and virulence-related transcriptional states that emerged dynamically during planktonic growth, as well as highly spatially resolved metabolic heterogeneity in sessile populations. Our data reveal that distinct physiological states can coexist within the same biofilm just several micrometers away, underscoring the importance of the microenvironment. Our results illustrate the complex dynamics of microbial populations and present a new way of studying them at high resolution.
Topics: Biofilms; Fimbriae Proteins; Flagellin; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Phenotype; Plankton; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Pyocins; RNA, Bacterial; RNA, Messenger; Single-Cell Analysis; Spatio-Temporal Analysis; Transcriptome; Virulence
PubMed: 34385369
DOI: 10.1126/science.abi4882