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International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2021is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to... (Review)
Review
is a dominant pathogen in people with cystic fibrosis (CF) contributing to morbidity and mortality. Its tremendous ability to adapt greatly facilitates its capacity to cause chronic infections. The adaptability and flexibility of the pathogen are afforded by the extensive number of virulence factors it has at its disposal, providing with the facility to tailor its response against the different stressors in the environment. A deep understanding of these virulence mechanisms is crucial for the design of therapeutic strategies and vaccines against this multi-resistant pathogen. Therefore, this review describes the main virulence factors of and the adaptations it undergoes to persist in hostile environments such as the CF respiratory tract. The very large genome (5 to 7 MB) contributes considerably to its adaptive capacity; consequently, genomic studies have provided significant insights into elucidating evolution and its interactions with the host throughout the course of infection.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Animals; Biofilms; Humans; Lung; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Quorum Sensing; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33803907
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063128 -
World Journal of Microbiology &... Nov 2019Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, Gram-negative environmental organism. It can be a significant pathogenic factor of severe infections in humans, especially... (Review)
Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common, Gram-negative environmental organism. It can be a significant pathogenic factor of severe infections in humans, especially in cystic fibrosis patients. Due to its natural resistance to antibiotics and the ability to form biofilms, infection with this pathogen can cause severe therapeutic problems. In recent years, metabolomic studies of P. aeruginosa have been performed. Therefore, in this review, we discussed recent achievements in the use of metabolomics methods in bacterial identification, differentiation, the interconnection between genome and metabolome, the influence of external factors on the bacterial metabolome and identification of new metabolites produced by P. aeruginosa. All of these studies may provide valuable information about metabolic pathways leading to an understanding of the adaptations of bacterial strains to a host environment, which can lead to new drug development and/or elaboration of new treatment and diagnostics strategies for Pseudomonas.
Topics: Adaptation, Physiological; Genome, Bacterial; Host Microbial Interactions; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 31701321
DOI: 10.1007/s11274-019-2739-1 -
Annals of Clinical Microbiology and... Sep 2020Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to... (Review)
Review
Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most important bacterial pathogens that causes infection with a high mortality rate due to resistance to different antibiotics. This bacterium prompts extensive tissue damage with varying factors of virulence, and its biofilm production causes chronic and antibiotic-resistant infections. Therefore, due to the non-applicability of antibiotics for the destruction of P. aeruginosa biofilm, alternative approaches have been considered by researchers, and phage therapy is one of these new therapeutic solutions. Bacteriophages can be used to eradicate P. aeruginosa biofilm by destroying the extracellular matrix, increasing the permeability of antibiotics into the inner layer of biofilm, and inhibiting its formation by stopping the quorum-sensing activity. Furthermore, the combined use of bacteriophages and other compounds with anti-biofilm properties such as nanoparticles, enzymes, and natural products can be of more interest because they invade the biofilm by various mechanisms and can be more effective than the one used alone. On the other hand, the use of bacteriophages for biofilm destruction has some limitations such as limited host range, high-density biofilm, sub-populate phage resistance in biofilm, and inhibition of phage infection via quorum sensing in biofilm. Therefore, in this review, we specifically discuss the use of phage therapy for inhibition of P. aeruginosa biofilm in clinical and in vitro studies to identify different aspects of this treatment for broader use.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteriophages; Biofilms; Combined Modality Therapy; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Phage Therapy; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 32998720
DOI: 10.1186/s12941-020-00389-5 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jan 2020is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a model bacterium for studying virulence and bacterial social traits. While it can be isolated in low numbers from a wide...
is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen and a model bacterium for studying virulence and bacterial social traits. While it can be isolated in low numbers from a wide variety of environments including soil and water, it can readily be found in almost any human/animal-impacted environment. It is a major cause of illness and death in humans with immunosuppressive and chronic conditions, and infections in these patients are difficult to treat due to a number of antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the organism's propensity to form multicellular biofilms.
Topics: Animals; Biofilms; Biological Evolution; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Phylogeny; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence
PubMed: 31597590
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000860 -
Microbiological Research Mar 2015Bacterial cells can communicate with their surrounding environment through secretion systems. Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is one of the most recently discovered... (Review)
Review
Bacterial cells can communicate with their surrounding environment through secretion systems. Type VI secretion system (T6SS) is one of the most recently discovered secretion systems, which is distributed widely in Gram-negative bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa), an important opportunistic pathogen. This protein secretion system shares similarity with the puncturing device of bacteriophages in structure. P. aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen and distributes widely in diverse environment. T6SS is beneficial to survival advantage of P. aeruginosa by delivering toxins to its neighboring pathogens and translocating protein effectors into the host cells. T6SS is also the virulence factor and takes part in biofilm formation of P. aeruginosa. The functions of T6SS in P. aeruginosa are regulated at transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational levels by diverse mechanisms. This article reviews the latest progress in the structure, effector proteins, biological function, and regulation mechanisms of P. aeruginosa T6SS.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Secretion Systems; Bacterial Toxins; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Macromolecular Substances; Models, Biological; Models, Molecular; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 25721475
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2015.01.004 -
Microbial Ecology Jul 2014Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism that is the focus of intense research because of its prominent role in disease. Due to its relatively large genome and... (Review)
Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a ubiquitous organism that is the focus of intense research because of its prominent role in disease. Due to its relatively large genome and flexible metabolic capabilities, this organism exploits numerous environmental niches. It is an opportunistic pathogen that sets upon the human host when the normal immune defenses are disabled. Its deadliness is most apparent in cystic fibrosis patients, but it also is a major problem in burn wounds, chronic wounds, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, surface growth on implanted biomaterials, and within hospital surface and water supplies, where it poses a host of threats to vulnerable patients (Peleg and Hooper, N Engl J Med 362:1804-1813, 2010; Breathnach et al., J Hosp Infect 82:19-24, 2012). Once established in the patient, P. aeruginosa can be especially difficult to treat. The genome encodes a host of resistance genes, including multidrug efflux pumps (Poole, J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 3:255-264, 2001) and enzymes conferring resistance to beta-lactam and aminoglycoside antibotics (Vahdani et al., Annal Burns Fire Disast 25:78-81, 2012), making therapy against this gram-negative pathogen particularly challenging due to the lack of novel antimicrobial therapeutics (Lewis, Nature 485: 439-440, 2012). This challenge is compounded by the ability of P. aeruginosa to grow in a biofilm, which may enhance its ability to cause infections by protecting bacteria from host defenses and chemotherapy. Here, we review recent studies of P. aeruginosa biofilms with a focus on how this unique mode of growth contributes to its ability to cause recalcitrant infections.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Biofilms; Cystic Fibrosis; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Immune System; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Wounds and Injuries
PubMed: 24096885
DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0297-x -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Oct 2009Treatment of infectious diseases becomes more challenging with each passing year. This is especially true for infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas... (Review)
Review
Treatment of infectious diseases becomes more challenging with each passing year. This is especially true for infections caused by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with its ability to rapidly develop resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Although the import of resistance mechanisms on mobile genetic elements is always a concern, the most difficult challenge we face with P. aeruginosa is its ability to rapidly develop resistance during the course of treating an infection. The chromosomally encoded AmpC cephalosporinase, the outer membrane porin OprD, and the multidrug efflux pumps are particularly relevant to this therapeutic challenge. The discussion presented in this review highlights the clinical significance of these chromosomally encoded resistance mechanisms, as well as the complex mechanisms/pathways by which P. aeruginosa regulates their expression. Although a great deal of knowledge has been gained toward understanding the regulation of AmpC, OprD, and efflux pumps in P. aeruginosa, it is clear that we have much to learn about how this resourceful pathogen coregulates different resistance mechanisms to overcome the antibacterial challenges it faces.
Topics: Chromosomes, Bacterial; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Humans; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PubMed: 19822890
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00040-09 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Mar 2020Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogens isolated from respiratory tract specimen in patients with bronchiectasis. It is considered highly responsible... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogens isolated from respiratory tract specimen in patients with bronchiectasis. It is considered highly responsible for pathogenicity, progression and clinical outcomes of bronchiectasis.
AIMS
To summarize existing evidence on how different factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa affect the pathogenicity, progression and clinical outcomes of bronchiectasis, so as to provide possible insights for clinical practice and related research in the future.
SOURCES
PubMed was searched for studies pertaining to bronchiectasis and P. aeruginosa published to date, with no specific inclusion or exclusion criteria. Reference lists of retrieved reviews were searched for additional articles.
CONTENT
This review focused on non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis and also provided some data on cystic fibrosis when studies in bronchiectasis were limited. We discussed various factors in relation to P. aeruginosa: virulence factors, drug resistance, regulatory systems, genomic diversity and transmission of P. aeruginosa, as well as treatment for P. aeruginosa. Their impacts on bronchiectasis and its management were discussed.
IMPLICATIONS
The impact of P. aeruginosa on bronchiectasis is definite, although conclusions in some aspects are still vague. Faced with the worrying drug-resistance status and treatment bottleneck, individualized management and novel therapies beyond the classic pathway are most likely to be a future trend. To confirm the independent or integrated impact of various factors of P. aeruginosa on bronchiectasis and to figure out all the problems mentioned, larger randomized control trials are truly needed in the future.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bronchiectasis; Clinical Decision-Making; Disease Management; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Genome, Bacterial; Humans; Patient Outcome Assessment; Pseudomonas Infections; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 31306794
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2019.07.010 -
Current Opinion in Microbiology Feb 2018Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute and chronic infections are of great concern to human health, especially in hospital settings. It is currently assumed that P. aeruginosa has... (Review)
Review
Pseudomonas aeruginosa acute and chronic infections are of great concern to human health, especially in hospital settings. It is currently assumed that P. aeruginosa has two antagonistic pathogenic strategies that parallel two different lifestyles; free-living cells are predominantly cytotoxic and induce an acute inflammatory reaction, while biofilm-forming communities cause refractory chronic infections. Recent findings suggest that the planktonic-to-sessile transition is a complex, reversible and overall dynamic differentiation process. Here, we examine how the Gac/Rsm regulatory cascade, a key player in this lifestyle switch, endows P. aeruginosa with both a permissive lifecycle in nature and flexible virulence strategy during infection.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Biofilms; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Mice; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 29166621
DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.11.006 -
Toxins Sep 2020is the most common human opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial diseases. In 2017, the World Health Organization has classified as a critical agent... (Review)
Review
is the most common human opportunistic pathogen associated with nosocomial diseases. In 2017, the World Health Organization has classified as a critical agent threatening human health, and for which the development of new treatments is urgently necessary. One interesting avenue is to target virulence factors to understand pathogenicity. Thus, characterising exoproteins of is a hot research topic and proteomics is a powerful approach that provides important information to gain insights on bacterial virulence. The aim of this review is to focus on the contribution of proteomics to the studies of exoproteins, highlighting its relevance in the discovery of virulence factors, post-translational modifications on exoproteins and host-pathogen relationships.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Proteome; Proteomics; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 32899849
DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090571