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BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders Feb 2021In recent years, technological improvements allowed imaging modalities to become increasingly essential in achieving early and precise diagnoses in the field of...
In recent years, technological improvements allowed imaging modalities to become increasingly essential in achieving early and precise diagnoses in the field of rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs). To date, imaging examinations are routinely used in all steps of diagnostic and therapeutic care pathways of patients affected by RMDs. The articles published in this Article Collection clearly show the efforts of researchers to find innovative applications of musculoskeletal imaging in clinical practice and to face the crucial challenges that remain in the interpretation and quality control of images. Highly performing diagnostic technologies are currently available to early diagnose and accurately monitor several musculoskeletal disorders, but also to guide personalized interventional therapeutic procedures tailored to the individual patients in the emerging process of precision medicine. Among these new modalities, some are particularly promising and thereby subject to several lines of research in RMDs, including SPECT-CT and dual-energy CT, MRI sequences, high and ultra-high frequency ultrasound with effective tools like shear wave elastography.
Topics: Elasticity Imaging Techniques; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Radionuclide Imaging; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 33641666
DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04101-2 -
Nuklearmedizin. Nuclear Medicine Apr 2022
Topics: 3-Iodobenzylguanidine; Adolescent; Child; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Neuroblastoma; Radionuclide Imaging
PubMed: 35421899
DOI: 10.1055/a-1778-3052 -
European Journal of Nuclear Medicine... Mar 2022Apoptosis was a natural, non-inflammatory, energy-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD) that can be discovered in a variety of physiological and pathological... (Review)
Review
Apoptosis was a natural, non-inflammatory, energy-dependent form of programmed cell death (PCD) that can be discovered in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Based on its characteristic biochemical changes, a great number of apoptosis probes for single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) have been developed. Radionuclide imaging with these tracers were potential for the repetitive and selective detection of apoptotic cell death in vivo, without the need for invasive biopsy. In this review, we overviewed molecular mechanism and specific biochemical changes in apoptotic cells and summarized the existing tracers that have been used in clinical trials as well as their potentialities and limitations. Particularly, we highlighted the clinic applications of apoptosis imaging as diagnostic markers, early-response indicators, and prognostic predictors in multiple disease fields.
Topics: Apoptosis; Humans; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radionuclide Imaging; Tomography, Emission-Computed, Single-Photon
PubMed: 34873639
DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05641-4 -
Current Opinion in Endocrinology,... Oct 2022Thyroid cancers are endocrine neoplasms with diverse gene expression and behavior, for which constantly evolving anatomic and functional imaging/theranostic agents have... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
Thyroid cancers are endocrine neoplasms with diverse gene expression and behavior, for which constantly evolving anatomic and functional imaging/theranostic agents have an essential role for diagnosis, staging, and treatment.
RECENT FINDINGS
To achieve definitive diagnosis, neck ultrasound and associated risk stratification systems, notably Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), allow improved thyroid nodule characterization and management guidance. Radioactive iodine-131 (RAI) has long played a role in management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), with recent literature emphasizing its effectiveness for intermediate-high risk cancers, exploring use of dosimetry for personalized medicine, and potential for retreatment with RAI following tumor redifferentiation. Iodine-124 positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has promising application for DTC staging and dosimetry. F18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT is used for staging of high risk DTC and identification of noniodine-avid disease recurrences, with metabolic uptake consistently portending poor prognosis. Poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid cancers are best assessed with anatomic imaging and F18-FDG PET/ CT, though recent studies show a potential theranostic role for Ga68/Lu177-prostate-specific membrane antigen. Medullary thyroid cancers are evaluated with ultrasound, CT, magnetic resonance imaging, and various positron-emitting radiotracers for PET imaging (F18-DOPA, F18-FDG, and recently Ga68-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-octreotate (DOTATATE)); the latter may enable treatment with Lu177-DOTATATE.
SUMMARY
Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to streamline appropriate management, given the wide array of available imaging and new therapies for metabolic and genetically complex cancers.
Topics: Fluorodeoxyglucose F18; Humans; Iodine Radioisotopes; Male; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Precision Medicine; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Thyroid Neoplasms
PubMed: 36068937
DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000740 -
Cancer Biotherapy & Radiopharmaceuticals Oct 2021The landscape of nuclear oncology is rapidly changing. The advent of molecular radionuclide theranostics, multidisciplinary tumor board decision making, artificial...
The landscape of nuclear oncology is rapidly changing. The advent of molecular radionuclide theranostics, multidisciplinary tumor board decision making, artificial intelligence and radiomics interpretation of diagnostic imaging, evolution of pharmacogenomics prediction of tumor response, and regulatory requirements for prospective individual dosimetry are just some of the elements which are broadening the essence of physician responsibility. The burgeoning knowledge base essential for mastering the emergent technologies, and their profound effect on moral philosophic aspects of provision of cancer care, are challenging. The new relationship of the theranostic nuclear physician with respect to shared care of the individual patient, particularly with regard to transparency, accountability, and responsibility for targeted radionuclide diagnosis and therapy of cancer, will be explored in this update.
Topics: Artificial Intelligence; Humans; Medical Oncology; Neoplasms; Precision Medicine; Radiologic Health; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiotherapy
PubMed: 34339288
DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2021.0152 -
The British Journal of Radiology Apr 2022Morphological evaluation of the lung is important in the clinical evaluation of pulmonary diseases. However, the disease process, especially in its early phases, may... (Review)
Review
Morphological evaluation of the lung is important in the clinical evaluation of pulmonary diseases. However, the disease process, especially in its early phases, may primarily result in changes in pulmonary function without changing the pulmonary structure. In such cases, the traditional imaging approaches to pulmonary morphology may not provide sufficient insight into the underlying pathophysiology. Pulmonary imaging community has therefore tried to assess pulmonary diseases and functions utilizing not only nuclear medicine, but also CT and MR imaging with various technical approaches. In this review, we overview state-of-the art MR methods and the future direction of: (1) ventilation imaging, (2) perfusion imaging and (3) biomechanical evaluation for pulmonary functional imaging.
Topics: Humans; Lung; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Radionuclide Imaging; Respiration; Thorax
PubMed: 33529053
DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20201053 -
Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North... May 2020This article discusses the current position of conventional radiography and MRI, the techniques recommended by the European League Against Rheumatism for use in imaging... (Review)
Review
This article discusses the current position of conventional radiography and MRI, the techniques recommended by the European League Against Rheumatism for use in imaging in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Several challenges and areas of development regarding radiography and MRI in axSpA are considered. Also, a few interesting focus points for future research are noted. Besides the recommended techniques, this article discusses several nuclear imaging techniques and the usability of these techniques in daily practice.
Topics: Forecasting; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Radiography; Radionuclide Imaging; Sacroiliac Joint; Spondylarthritis
PubMed: 32340703
DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2020.01.005 -
Presse Medicale (Paris, France : 1983) Jun 2022Once hyperparathyroidism has been proven, the goal of parathyroid functional imaging is to identify one or more pathological glands in view of guiding a possibly...
Once hyperparathyroidism has been proven, the goal of parathyroid functional imaging is to identify one or more pathological glands in view of guiding a possibly targeted surgical procedure, while maximizing the chances for recovery. Currently, parathyroid radionuclide imaging is based on two techniques, parathyroid scintigraphy and F-fluorocholine - positron emission tomography (PET). The main radiopharmaceutical in scintigraphy is Tc-sestamibi, which can be used alone, in the dual-phase parathyroid scan, or in comparison with a thyroid radiotracer, pertechnetate (NaTcO) or iodine 123 (dual-tracer method). The acquisitions can be planar and/or tomographic (SPECT). It is now recognized that the Tc-sestamibi - iodine 123 dual-tracer method is more efficient than the dual-phase scan, while SPECT-CT improves the sensitivity and specificity of the scintigraphy. This imaging and cervical ultrasonography are considered to be the two first-line reference techniques in preoperative assessment of hyperparathyroidism. More recently developed, F-fluorocholine detected by PET-CT has shown excellent performance, at least equal to that of scintigraphy. Initially considered as a second-line technique, its advantages over scintigraphy have prompted some authors to suggest it as the only examination to be performed in preoperative assessment of hyperparathyroidism. That said, due to a lack of specificity in F-fluorocholine uptake, which has been observed on inflammatory lesions and, particularly, in the mediastinal lymph nodes, and given the absence of simultaneous comparison of thyroid function, this strategy remains contested, and possibly reserved for patients without any associated thyroid pathology; large-scale evaluation would be justified.
Topics: Humans; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Hyperparathyroidism
PubMed: 35321847
DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2022.104120 -
Abdominal Radiology (New York) Apr 2022Bladder paragangliomas (bPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from the sympathetic paraganglia present in the bladder wall. Bladder PGLs are typically submucosal... (Review)
Review
Bladder paragangliomas (bPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors arising from the sympathetic paraganglia present in the bladder wall. Bladder PGLs are typically submucosal or intramural but when subserosal may not be readily visible at cystoscopy. The average size at presentation is 3.9 cm (range 1.0-9.1 cm). When small, bPGL are usually spherical, well-marginated and homogeneous. Larger bPGL are typically more complex with peri- and intra-tumoral neovascularity and central necrosis. On ultrasound, increased color Doppler signal is typical. The increased soft tissue resolution of MRI enables localization of bPGL within the bladder wall more accurately than CT. Restricted diffusion and avid contrast enhancement help differentiate small bPGLs from leiomyomas, which have similar appearances on ultrasound and CT. Nuclear medicine techniques identify bPGLs and their metastases with high specificity, Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT having largely replaced I-mIBG SPECT/CT as the first line functional investigation. Imaging is essential to aid surgical planning, as endoscopic resection is often not possible or incomplete due to tumor location. For patients with advanced disease, Ga-DOTATATE PET/CT and I-mIBG SPECT/CT assess suitability for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Up to 63% of bPGL patients have a germline mutation, most commonly in the SDHB subunit gene, increasing their risk of developing pheochromocytomas and further paragangliomas; lifelong annual biochemical and periodic imaging screening from skull base to pelvis is therefore recommended.
Topics: Adrenal Gland Neoplasms; Humans; Organometallic Compounds; Paraganglioma; Pheochromocytoma; Positron Emission Tomography Computed Tomography; Positron-Emission Tomography; Radionuclide Imaging; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 35157102
DOI: 10.1007/s00261-022-03443-2 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2020Amyloidosis and sarcoidosis are systemic diseases that affect multiple organ systems. Accurate diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis and sarcoidosis is particularly important... (Review)
Review
Amyloidosis and sarcoidosis are systemic diseases that affect multiple organ systems. Accurate diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis and sarcoidosis is particularly important because cardiac involvement can be fatal. Amyloidosis is characterized by the deposition of amyloid fibrils, and cardiac amyloidosis is classified into amyloid immunoglobulin light chain (AL) and amyloid transthyretin (ATTR) types. Radionuclide tracers for amyloidosis include bone tracers, amyloid-directed molecules, and PET amyloid agents. Bone tracers are particularly sensitive in detection of ATTR type amyloidosis, whereas PET amyloid agents show a higher affinity for the AL type. In sarcoidosis, gallium 67 (Ga) citrate scintigraphy and fluorine 18 (F) fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET are pivotal to diagnosis of cardiac sarcoidosis, and F-FDG PET/CT has particularly high efficacy in detection of sarcoidosis and monitoring of response to therapy. A major limitation of F-FDG is physiologic uptake in the myocardium, which can remain in approximately 20% of patients even after elaborate preparation (eg, prolonged fasting >12-18 hours, modification to a high-fat and low-carbohydrate diet, and injection of unfractionated heparin). This limitation has led to a search for potential new tracers. Recently introduced tracers that show promise include those used in somatostatin receptor imaging and cellular proliferation imaging, which provide detectability as high as that for F-FDG without requiring dietary restrictions and have potential for monitoring disease activity. RSNA, 2020.
Topics: Amyloidosis; Cardiomyopathies; Humans; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals; Sarcoidosis
PubMed: 32976061
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200068