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La Radiologia Medica Oct 2019Scalp lesions can be classified as congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, or neoplastic in origin. Although patients presenting with scalp masses are frequently seen in... (Review)
Review
Scalp lesions can be classified as congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, or neoplastic in origin. Although patients presenting with scalp masses are frequently seen in daily practice, differentiation of scalp lesions is often challenging for radiologists who are not familiar with the imaging of cutaneous lesions. The majority of scalp lesions are fortunately benign, with cystic lesions accounting for over 50% of all benign scalp lesions. Such lesions include trichilemmal cysts (pilar cysts), sebaceoma, epidermoid cysts, dermoid cysts, and teratoid cysts. Radiologists may also occasionally encounter benign neoplasms of the scalp, including melanocytic nevi, keratoacanthoma, pilomatricoma, neurofibroma, and lipoma. Malignant scalp tumors are uncommon; however, they carry a potential risk of delayed detection, resulting in poorer outcomes. Most scalp lesions show nonspecific imaging findings, although some possess characteristic features on CT and MRI. Radiologists must be familiar with the appearances of common scalp lesions to reach an accurate diagnosis. Hence, the aim of this article is to describe the clinical and imaging features of scalp lesions.
Topics: Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Scalp; Skin Diseases; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 31270724
DOI: 10.1007/s11547-019-01060-6 -
Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology :... Sep 2019Montages are logical, orderly arrangements of electroencephalographic derivations or channels that are created to display activity over the entire head and to provide... (Review)
Review
Montages are logical, orderly arrangements of electroencephalographic derivations or channels that are created to display activity over the entire head and to provide lateralizing and localizing information. Most often, bipolar and referential montages are used for routine electroencephalographic recordings. Common average and Laplacian montages can also be helpful in some situations. Because each type of montage has certain strengths and limitations, the ACNS guidelines recommend the use of multiple classes of montages for each electroencephalographic recording. A variety of factors need to be considered for localization by scalp electroencephalogram, but in clinical practice, a three-step approach can be used to localize an interictal epileptiform discharge by visual inspection using a standard set of scalp electrodes and conventional montages. The ACNS guideline provides a number of standard and suggested montages, but, depending on the clinical situation, additional montages can be designed using the electrodes within the 10-20 system or by placing additional electrodes.
Topics: Electrodes; Electroencephalography; Humans; Scalp
PubMed: 31490449
DOI: 10.1097/WNP.0000000000000538 -
American Journal of Clinical Dermatology Sep 2021Lichen planopilaris is a primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia that commonly presents with hair loss at the vertex or parietal scalp. Patients may also have... (Review)
Review
Lichen planopilaris is a primary lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia that commonly presents with hair loss at the vertex or parietal scalp. Patients may also have associated scalp itching, burning or tenderness. Due to scarring, hair loss is typically permanent. The main goals of treatment are reducing symptoms and preventing disease progression and further hair loss. Currently, the literature has limited evidence on treatments for this difficult condition, and most available evidence is from case reports and case series. Furthermore, the evidence shows a varied response to therapy, with frequent reports of poor response. This article reviews the diagnosis of this rare disease, summarize the currently available treatments, and provide insights and practices from alopecia experts.
Topics: Humans; Lichen Planus; Scalp; Scalp Dermatoses
PubMed: 34347282
DOI: 10.1007/s40257-021-00630-7 -
Experimental Dermatology Mar 2020The skin surface microbiome and its role in skin diseases have received increasing attention over the past years. Beyond, there is evidence for a continuous exchange... (Review)
Review
The skin surface microbiome and its role in skin diseases have received increasing attention over the past years. Beyond, there is evidence for a continuous exchange with the cutaneous immune system in healthy skin, where hair follicles (HFs) provide unique anatomical niches. Especially, scalp HFs form large tubular invaginations, which extend deeply into the skin and harbour a variety of microorganisms. The distinct immunology of HFs with enhanced immune cell trafficking in superficial compartments in juxtaposition to immune-privileged sites crucial for hair follicle cycling and regeneration makes this organ a highly susceptible structure. Depending on composition and penetration depth, microbiota may cause typical infections, but may also contribute to pro-inflammatory environment in chronic inflammatory scalp diseases. Involvement in hair cycle regulation and immune cell maturation has been postulated. Herein, we review recent insights in hair follicle microbiome, immunology and penetration research and discuss clinical implications for scalp health and disease.
Topics: Alopecia; Alopecia Areata; Animals; Dermatitis, Seborrheic; Hair; Hair Follicle; Humans; Immune System; Inflammation; Keratinocytes; Mice; Microbiota; Psoriasis; Scalp; Skin; Skin Diseases
PubMed: 30974503
DOI: 10.1111/exd.13935 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Nov 2021This study aimed to explore the changes in functional connections between cerebral hemispheres and local brain regions functional activities in patients with acute... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study aimed to explore the changes in functional connections between cerebral hemispheres and local brain regions functional activities in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treated with International Standard Scalp Acupuncture (ISSA). Thirty patients with middle cerebral artery AIS in the dominant hemisphere were selected and randomly divided into two groups such as the control group and the scalp acupuncture group, with 15 patients in each group. Patients in the control group were treated with conventional Western medicine, while patients in the scalp acupuncture group received ISSA (acupuncture at the parietal midline [MS5], acupuncture at the left anterior parietotemporal oblique line [MS6] and acupuncture at the left posterior parietotemporal oblique line [MS7]) for one course of treatment. All patients were evaluated for treatment efficacy and received whole brain resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (Rs-fMRI) scan before and after treatment. The observational indicators included: (a) the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores and the simplified Fugl-Meyer Assessment (SFMA) scores; (b) analyses of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo) and voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC). The results showed a significant difference in the NIHSS scores before and after treatment in the scalp acupuncture group compared with the control group (p < .05), indicating that patients improved better after scalp acupuncture treatment. Compared with the control group, the VMHC, ALFF and ReHo values in the scalp acupuncture group increased after treatment. The VMHC values increased in the brain regions dominated by bilateral BA6 and BA8; the ALFF values increased in the left BA39 and the adjacent superior temporal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus; and the ReHo values increased in the brain regions extending from left middle temporal gyrus (including BA21) to BA37, and the brain regions extending from the left BA40 and angular gyrus to BA7. The present study indicated that scalp acupuncture can specifically strengthen the functional activities of the brain regions related to sensory integration, language processing and motor coordination in the middle aged and elderly patients with AIS of the dominant cerebral hemisphere, and can strengthen bilateral frontal lobe motor control. This study may provide a scientific basis for the clinical application of ISSA treatment in patients with AIS, and may also provide a preliminary research basis for further animal experiments.
Topics: Acupuncture Therapy; Aged; Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Ischemic Stroke; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Scalp; Temporal Lobe
PubMed: 34431612
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24746 -
Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America Aug 2023Defects of the scalp and calvarium pose unique reconstructive challenges due to the importance of this area in protecting the brain and its distance from larger donor... (Review)
Review
Defects of the scalp and calvarium pose unique reconstructive challenges due to the importance of this area in protecting the brain and its distance from larger donor vessels for free flap transfer. The wide range and complexity of reconstructive options make this a broad topic because the simplest defects are often closed or managed in the outpatient setting and the most complex require multilayer closure in the operating room with a multidisciplinary team and intensive postoperative care. In hair-bearing individuals, the scalp is an esthetically important area due to the importance of hair to self-esteem and sexual attraction.
Topics: Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Skull; Free Tissue Flaps; Brain; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 37217365
DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2023.04.003 -
Journal of Drugs in Dermatology : JDD Jan 2022Alopecia or hair loss in children is an important and often challenging problem to diagnose and treat. Early diagnosis and treatment is the key because hair loss in... (Review)
Review
Alopecia or hair loss in children is an important and often challenging problem to diagnose and treat. Early diagnosis and treatment is the key because hair loss in children has a significant physical as well as psychological impact on their development. Alopecia in children are mainly non-scarring, but cicatricial alopecia can also be seen. The diagnosis can usually be made by direct examination of the scalp. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) examination of plucked hair and scalp scrapings, woods lamp examination and trichoscopy are useful diagnostic aids. When a cicatricial alopecia is suspected, scalp biopsy is recommended. Disease specific treatment should be initiated early and adequate counselling provided to both the patient and their parents. This review focuses on the treatment options available for various types of alopecia in children and their safety and efficacy data, analyzing the available literature evidences. J Drugs Dermatol. 2022;21(1):49-53. doi:10.36849/JDD.6096.
Topics: Alopecia; Biopsy; Child; Cicatrix; Hair; Humans; Scalp
PubMed: 35005859
DOI: 10.36849/JDD.2022.6096 -
Skinmed 2021A 28-year-old African-American man presented for evaluation of an asymptomatic bump that had been present on his scalp for a few months. His past medical history...
A 28-year-old African-American man presented for evaluation of an asymptomatic bump that had been present on his scalp for a few months. His past medical history included multiple ganglioneuromas of the gastrointestinal tract, several lipomas, and thyroidectomy for follicular thyroid carcinoma. His father had similar facial lesions and numerous lipomas. (. 2021;19:-0).
Topics: Adult; Hamartoma Syndrome, Multiple; Humans; Male; Scalp
PubMed: 33658120
DOI: No ID Found -
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics... Aug 2021Soft tissue wounds in the scalp are a common occurrence after trauma or resection of a malignancy. The reconstructive surgeon should strive to use the simplest... (Review)
Review
Soft tissue wounds in the scalp are a common occurrence after trauma or resection of a malignancy. The reconstructive surgeon should strive to use the simplest reconstructive technique while optimizing aesthetic outcomes. In general, large defects with infection, previous irradiation (or require postoperative radiation), or with calvarial defects usually require reconstruction with vascularized tissue (ie, microvascular free tissue transfer). Smaller defects greater than 3 cm that are not amenable to primary closure can be treated with local flap reconstruction. In all cases, the reconstruction method will need be tailored to the patient's health status, desires, and aesthetic considerations.
Topics: Esthetics, Dental; Humans; Plastic Surgery Procedures; Scalp; Surgical Flaps
PubMed: 34092461
DOI: 10.1016/j.coms.2021.05.001 -
AORN Journal Feb 2022
Topics: Scalp; Skin Transplantation
PubMed: 35084756
DOI: 10.1002/aorn.13620