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Clinical Psychology Review Nov 2021Some autistic people employ strategies and behaviours to cope with the everyday social world, thereby 'camouflaging' their autistic differences and difficulties. This... (Review)
Review
Some autistic people employ strategies and behaviours to cope with the everyday social world, thereby 'camouflaging' their autistic differences and difficulties. This review aimed to systematically appraise and synthesise the current evidence base pertaining to autistic camouflaging. Following a systematic search of eight databases, 29 studies quantifying camouflaging in children and adults with autism diagnoses or high levels of autistic traits were reviewed. The multiple methods used to measure camouflaging broadly fell under two different approaches: internal-external discrepancy or self-report. These approaches appear to relate to two distinct but potentially connected elements of camouflaging: observable behavioural presentations and self-perceived camouflaging efforts. While significant variation was noted across individual study findings, much of the existing literature supported three preliminary findings about the nature of autistic camouflaging: (1) adults with more self-reported autistic traits report greater engagement in camouflaging; (2) sex and gender differences exist in camouflaging; and (3) higher self-reported camouflaging is associated with worse mental health outcomes. However, the research base was limited regarding participant characterisation and representativeness, which suggests that conclusions cannot be applied to the autistic community as a whole. We propose priorities for future research in refining the current understanding of camouflaging and improving measurement methods.
Topics: Adaptation, Psychological; Adult; Autistic Disorder; Child; Humans; Self Report; Sex Factors
PubMed: 34563942
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102080 -
Current Opinion in Psychology Feb 2023Two models of hope have predominated in the literature pertaining to cancer-Snyder's "Hope Theory" and Herth's hope model-both of which have produced brief self-report... (Review)
Review
Two models of hope have predominated in the literature pertaining to cancer-Snyder's "Hope Theory" and Herth's hope model-both of which have produced brief self-report measures. Growing evidence demonstrates that hope, as operationalized in these models, is associated with a number of psychological variables in individuals with cancer, including depression, distress, coping, symptom burden, and posttraumatic growth. Emerging evidence also suggests that hope may predict probability of survival in advanced cancer. Surveys show that patients and families generally prefer healthcare communication that authentically conveys prognosis; such communication is not associated with decreased hope, but may actually foster hope. Finally, several interventions have been developed to enhance hope in people with cancer, which generally demonstrate medium effects.
Topics: Humans; Adaptation, Psychological; Neoplasms; Surveys and Questionnaires; Posttraumatic Growth, Psychological; Self Report
PubMed: 36493525
DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101506 -
Acta Psychologica Jul 2023
Topics: Humans; Personality; Self Report
PubMed: 37316377
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103954 -
Journal of the American Geriatrics... Feb 2022
Topics: Hearing; Hearing Aids; Humans; Self Report; Self-Assessment
PubMed: 35006618
DOI: 10.1111/jgs.17635 -
Early Intervention in Psychiatry Jan 2022Phenomenological researchers argue that schizophrenia spectrum disorders are primarily disorders of the basic self. To test this argument, we compared self-report and...
AIM
Phenomenological researchers argue that schizophrenia spectrum disorders are primarily disorders of the basic self. To test this argument, we compared self-report and lexical measures of basic self-disturbance between schizophrenia spectrum (high-schizotypy) and non-spectrum groups (low-schizotypy).
METHODS
From an initial sample (n = 310) screened with the (SPQ), n = 39 were classified as high schizotypy (z > 1.28 on at least one SPQ factor scale) and were compared to a randomly selected low-schizotypy group (z < 1 on all three SPQ factor scales; n = 41). Participants wrote four narratives about personal and fictional experiences and completed the Ego Strength Questionnaire and a self-report version of the Schizophrenia Proneness Instrument. The written narratives were subjected to linguistic inquiry to examine pronoun usage (lexical measures).
RESULTS
The high-schizotypy group reported higher levels of basic symptoms, lower ego strength, and used third-person and personal pronouns more frequently than the low-schizotypy group. Self-report measures correlated significantly with lexical measures. Self-report and lexical measures were useful tools in predicting high schizotypy, correctly classifying 68% and 69% of schizotypy and non-schizotypy, respectively.
CONCLUSION
In line with phenomenologists' arguments, high schizotypy was associated, to some extent, with basic self-disturbance.
Topics: Humans; Schizophrenia; Schizotypal Personality Disorder; Self Report; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33559381
DOI: 10.1111/eip.13125 -
Suicide & Life-threatening Behavior Jun 2021This study examined the relationship between explicit and implicit measures of hopelessness and self-injurious behavior (defined here as self-harming or suicidal actions...
OBJECTIVE
This study examined the relationship between explicit and implicit measures of hopelessness and self-injurious behavior (defined here as self-harming or suicidal actions and thoughts).
METHOD
A community sample of 267 participants completed explicit measures of hopelessness (Beck's Hopelessness Scale and a Feeling Thermometer), an implicit measure of hopelessness (Hopelessness Implicit Association Test), and a self-report measure of their history of self-injurious behavior.
RESULTS
The results showed that high levels of hopelessness, measured both explicitly or implicitly, were associated with a past and recent history of self-injury. However, there was also an interaction between the implicit and explicit measures such that explicit hopelessness was more strongly predictive of self-injury in people with high levels of implicit hopelessness.
CONCLUSION
The findings show that the implicit measurement of hopelessness can help predict past and recent self-injury beyond what explicit measures of hopelessness currently achieve and could be used in the assessment of risk of both self-harming and suicidal behaviors.
Topics: Emotions; Humans; Self Concept; Self Report; Self-Injurious Behavior; Suicidal Ideation
PubMed: 33634908
DOI: 10.1111/sltb.12743 -
Annual Review of Clinical Psychology May 2021Coinciding with the development and revision of conceptual models of psychopathology, there has been a proliferation in the number of self-report clinical questionnaires... (Review)
Review
Coinciding with the development and revision of conceptual models of psychopathology, there has been a proliferation in the number of self-report clinical questionnaires and studies evaluating their psychometric properties. Unfortunately, many clinical measures are constructed and evaluated using suboptimal methods. This review provides current guidelines for the conceptualization, development, and psychometric validation of clinical questionnaires using latent variable methods. A two-stage exploratory-confirmatory framework is provided. The exploratory stage includes item selection and revision, initial structural evaluation, and preliminary tests of concurrent validity (e.g., convergent and discriminant). The confirmatory stage involves replicating factor structure using a more restrictive model, identifying areas of model strain, conducting additional tests of concurrent and predictive validity, and evaluating measurement invariance. Recommendations are provided for () item generation, () how to use different types of exploratory and confirmatory factor models to determine structure, and () evaluating reliability and validity using a latent variable measurement model approach.
Topics: Humans; Psychometrics; Reproducibility of Results; Self Report; Surveys and Questionnaires
PubMed: 33561365
DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-115343 -
History of Psychology Aug 2021Teo et al. (2021, p. 217) have asked me "to locate [myself] epistemologically and politically and identify [my] position in…institutional and departmental...
Teo et al. (2021, p. 217) have asked me "to locate [myself] epistemologically and politically and identify [my] position in…institutional and departmental struggles…to allow a reader to contextualize [my] reconstructions." Therefore, I provide information on my political and scientific orientation, my position at the Free University of Berlin, and my relationship to Klaus Holzkamp. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Historiography; Humans; Motivation; Self Report
PubMed: 34516187
DOI: 10.1037/hop0000197 -
The American Journal of Occupational... 2020Women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptoms may experience difficulty carrying out desired life roles and activities. (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
IMPORTANCE
Women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and ADHD symptoms may experience difficulty carrying out desired life roles and activities.
OBJECTIVE
To determine whether a 7-wk tailored occupation-based intervention can reduce perceived stress and ADHD symptoms and enhance perceived performance of and satisfaction with daily roles and activities among women with ADHD.
DESIGN
Randomization to intervention (n = 11) and control (n = 12) groups.
SETTING
Home and community.
PARTICIPANTS
Twenty-three participants ages 20-55 yr, English speaking, and with a self-reported diagnosis of ADHD.
INTERVENTION
The intervention was administered for 7 wk in individual 1-hr sessions and addressed routine establishment, organization, time management, stress management, and sensory regulation in the home and community.
OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Scale, Perceived Stress Scale, and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure.
RESULTS
At 1-wk postintervention, statistically significant differences were found between intervention and control groups in perceived stress (Z = -3.838, p < .000, d = -2.66), ADHD symptoms (Z = -3.605, p < .000, d = -2.17), and COPM Performance (Z = -4.074, p < .000, d = 3.04) and Satisfaction change scores (Z = -3.759, p < .000, d = 2.82).
CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE
A 7-wk tailored intervention reduced perceived stress and ADHD symptoms and enhanced perceived performance of and satisfaction with desired occupational roles and activities in a sample of women with ADHD. Further research is warranted to determine whether the intervention can be useful to women with ADHD beyond the present sample.
WHAT THIS ARTICLE ADDS
This intervention may offer an effective nonpharmacological option for women with ADHD symptoms.
Topics: Adult; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Canada; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Research Design; Self Report; Young Adult
PubMed: 32078512
DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2020.033316 -
Personality Disorders May 2023Psychopathy is a collection of personality traits and behaviors that are associated with costly personal, interpersonal, and societal outcomes. The nature of this...
Psychopathy is a collection of personality traits and behaviors that are associated with costly personal, interpersonal, and societal outcomes. The nature of this construct has been widely debated across decades of literature, and such debates have produced a multitude of instruments for the measurement of psychopathy. These measures include self-reports and clinical interviews, yet little work has examined the degree to which measurements of psychopathy may differ across these modalities and whether such potential differences may impact the associations commonly found with psychopathy (e.g., impulsivity). To this end, we applied psychometric network and item response theory analyses to data obtained from the interview-based Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version and the Levenson Self-Report of Psychopathy in the same sample. Our results revealed similarities and differences across measurement modalities. Regarding the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version, Factor 2 items were more important to the psychopathy construct (i.e., the most central and contributed more information than Factor 1 items), whereas Factor 1 items were more important to the Levenson Self-Report of Psychopathy. Factor 1 items were positively linked with Positive Urgency and were either negatively associated or not associated with Negative Urgency. In contrast, Factor 2 items were positively linked with Negative Urgency in both networks. Our analyses also revealed that dishonesty and irresponsibility served as the primary bridges connecting the factors of psychopathy in both networks. We make suggestions for improving the assessment of psychopathy by implementing self-report and interview measures that allow scores to be compared directly. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Topics: Humans; Antisocial Personality Disorder; Self Report; Psychometrics; Impulsive Behavior; Problem Behavior
PubMed: 35446100
DOI: 10.1037/per0000565