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BioMed Research International 2021There have been various developments in intraoral 3D scanning technology. This study is aimed at investigating the accuracy of 10 scanners developed from 2015 to 2020. A... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
There have been various developments in intraoral 3D scanning technology. This study is aimed at investigating the accuracy of 10 scanners developed from 2015 to 2020. A maxillary dental model with reference points was printed from Form 2 (FormLabs, Somerville, MA, USA). The model was scanned 5 times with each intraoral scanner (IOS); Trios 3 (normal and high-resolution mode); Trios 4 (normal and high-resolution mode) (3Shape Trios A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark); iTero Element, iTero 2, and iTero 5D Element (Align Technologies, San Jose, California, USA); Dental Wings (Dental Wings, Montreal QC, Canada); Panda 2 (Pengtum Technologies, Shanghai, China); Medit i500 (Medit Corp. Seoul, South Korea); Planmeca Emerald™ (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland); and Aoralscan (Shining 3D Tech. Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China). After the scan, the 3D scanned stereolithography files were created. The various distances were measured five times in , , , and axes of various scans and with a vernier caliper (control) and from the Rhinoceros software. The data were analyzed using SPSS 18. Test for the normality of the various measurement data were done using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The trueness and precision of the measurements were compared among the various scans using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The significance was considered at < 0.05. The trueness of the intraoral scans was analyzed by comparing the measurements from the control. Precision was tested through the measurements of repeated scans. It showed that more the distance is less the accuracy for all scanners. In all studied scanners, the trueness varied but precision was favorably similar. Diagonal scanning showed less accuracy for all the scanners. Hence, when scanning the full arch, the dentist needs to take more caution and good scan pattern. Trios series showed the best scan results compared to other scanners.
Topics: Computer-Aided Design; Diagnosis, Oral; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Models, Dental
PubMed: 34552983
DOI: 10.1155/2021/2673040 -
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2022For decades, optical fiber interferometers have been extensively studied and applied for their inherent advantages. With the rapid development of science and technology,... (Review)
Review
For decades, optical fiber interferometers have been extensively studied and applied for their inherent advantages. With the rapid development of science and technology, fiber sensors with higher detection sensitivity are needed on many occasions. As an effective way to improve measurement sensitivity, Vernier effect fiber sensors have drawn great attention during the last decade. Similar to the Vernier caliper, the optical Vernier effect uses one interferometer as a fixed part of the Vernier scale and the other as a sliding part of the Vernier scale. This paper first illustrates the principle of the optical Vernier effect, then different configurations used to produce the Vernier effect are classified and discussed. Finally, the outlook for Vernier effect fiber sensors is presented.
Topics: Optical Fibers
PubMed: 35408310
DOI: 10.3390/s22072694 -
Facial Plastic Surgery : FPS Oct 2021Photography for preoperative analysis and follow-up is indispensable for the facial plastic surgeon. The use of strobe flash units, light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, and...
Photography for preoperative analysis and follow-up is indispensable for the facial plastic surgeon. The use of strobe flash units, light-emitting diode (LED) lamps, and their position related to axis of the patient can affect the nasal contours and nasal measurements. The aim of this study was to compare the rhinoplasty pictures taken under three different lighting settings and two different positioning at 30- and 45-degree angles, and with direct measurements taken by caliper from the subjects. Standardized rhinoplasty pictures from 10 patients were taken in frontal view in a studio. These pictures were taken under three different lighting settings: built-in flash of the camera, two strobe flashes, and two LED continuous lights placed at 30 to 45 degree angles to the patient. All the pictures were uploaded to Rhinobase 2.0. In five subjects, direct measurements were done by using a Vernier caliper and compared with the computer measurements. In this study, when comparing the light sources and the angles without taking single flash into account, no relation was found between strobe lights at 30 and 45 degrees and between LED lights at 30 and 45 degrees regarding tip width, base bony width, dorsum width, interalar width, and nasal length. However, a statistically significant difference was found when the angle was changed from 30 to 45 degrees for tip width, interalar width and nasal length. The use of two LED continuous lights or two strobe lights in a studio setting has given similar results. Changing the angles of the light sources from 30 to 45 degrees affected only the tip width and the interalar width; otherwise the rest of the nasal measurements did not show any significant changes. The pictures taken at 45-degree angles to the subject showed the closest values to the direct measurements done on the patient.
Topics: Face; Humans; Lighting; Nose; Photography; Rhinoplasty
PubMed: 33742427
DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725939 -
Current Medical Imaging 2023This study proposes a method for improving the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) models generated through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
PURPOSE
This study proposes a method for improving the accuracy of three-dimensional (3D) models generated through cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).
METHODS
A 3D cuboid model fitted with a ¼-scale dentition on its top surface was constructed to simulate an alveolar bone with teeth. A physical specimen of the model was printed and the distance between its opposite sides was measured using a vernier caliper. The physical model was light-scanned, and the surface data of the generated 3D model were corrected by calibrating the distance between opposite sides against the vernier caliper measurements. The physical model was also scanned using CBCT to reconstruct a second 3D model. The overall deviation between the two models and the distance deviation in each direction of the cuboid and dentition were quantified and statistically analyzed.
RESULTS
The overall deviation between the reconstructed CBCT model and the calibrated structured light-scanned model was 0.098 ± 0.001 mm. Following calibration, the overall deviation was 0.010 ± 0.006 mm. A one-way variance analysis suggested that the overall deviations' differences were not statistically significant (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION
This study lays a solid foundation for accurate dental implantation.
Topics: Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Calibration; Spiral Cone-Beam Computed Tomography; Cone-Beam Computed Tomography
PubMed: 36799416
DOI: 10.2174/1573405619666230217121745 -
Maedica Dec 2020The suprascapular notch is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula. The anatomical variation of the notch is considered as one of the causes...
The suprascapular notch is located on the lateral part of the superior border of the scapula. The anatomical variation of the notch is considered as one of the causes of suprascapular nerve entrapment. In the present study, we tried to evaluate the morphology and morphometry of the suprascapular notch of Indian human dry scapulae and to compare it with scapula morphometry, which is essential to understand and treat different causes of suprascapular nerve entrapment and to obtain a safe zone, which would be useful to avoid iatrogenic nerve lesion during open arthroscopic surgeries and help in designing implants for the shoulder joint. This is an observational study, with a total of 200 human dry scapulae being observed, examined and studied in detail. The type of suprascapular notch was noted as per the description given by Rengachary et al. Digital Vernier Caliper was used for classical osteometric measurements of suprascapular notch parameters, posterior limit and posterosuperior limit of safe zone along with length and width of scapulae. A statistical data analysis was done. Out of the 200,scapulae examined by us, 172 (86%) showed the presence of suprascapular notch, while nine (4.5%) showed partial ossification and 19 (9.5%) complete ossification. Six types of suprascapular notches were observed: type I,51 (25.5%); type II 45 (22.5%); type III 64 (32%); type IV 11 (5.5%); type V 9 (4.5%), and type VI 20 (10%). Type III notch was more prevalent. The study showed a moderate positive linear correlation between the width of the scapula and the safe zone of type III notch, respectively. Anatomical knowledge about the types of suprascapular notch and measurements is very helpful in the diagnosis and management of cases with shoulder pain due to suprascapular nerve entrapment and also while administering suprascapular nerve blocks for surgeries involving the shoulder region. Safe zone distances are very important for avoiding iatrogenic suprascapular nerve injuries during shoulder surgical procedures.
PubMed: 33603903
DOI: 10.26574/maedica.2020.15.4.461 -
Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences Jul 2023Age estimation is an essential part of forensic odontology and many methods are available with variable accuracy. However, the research is going on to find the simple...
BACKGROUND
Age estimation is an essential part of forensic odontology and many methods are available with variable accuracy. However, the research is going on to find the simple and most reliable method.
OBJECTIVES
By measuring the length and area of root dentin translucency in extracted tooth specimens manually and digitally, and comparing them, this study aims to find the most reliable technique of age assessment.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
One-hundred and twenty-five single-rooted extracted human permanent teeth were selected for the study. In both unsectioned and sectioned teeth, the total length of root dentin translucency was manually measured using a digital vernier caliper. Then, in a ground-sectioned tooth specimen, the total length and area of root dentin translucency were measured digitally using a scanner scale and computer software. Both the methods were compared.
RESULTS
In both manual and digital approaches, the length and area of root dentin translucency grew with age, from younger to older age groups. On comparing the measurements, the correlation coefficient was somewhat higher for digital area measurements than other measurements ( = 0.985).
CONCLUSION
The digital technique outperforms the traditional way for calculating age, and furthermore, measuring the area in the digital method for age estimation has shown to be more accurate.
PubMed: 37654306
DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_33_23 -
Chinese Herbal Medicines Oct 2022(Fangfeng in Chinese), the roots of , lacks commodity specification and grade standardization in the current market. This study investigated the existing specifications...
OBJECTIVE
(Fangfeng in Chinese), the roots of , lacks commodity specification and grade standardization in the current market. This study investigated the existing specifications and grades of to provide a standardized scientific reference for its market use.
METHODS
Based on a textual research of Chinese herbal medicine from the Han Dynasty to the present, medicinal materials of different specifications and grades obtained from in the main producing areas of China were collected and the markets for these materials were investigated. Field investigations were performed in the major producing areas such as Northeast China, Hebei Province, and Inner Mongolia. Four major Chinese herbal medicine markets in China were investigated. Sensory indices were used to categorize the two specifications (wild and cultivated) according to the shape, color, texture, and cross-section. High-performance liquid chromatography was performed to determine the active components. Vernier calipers and measuring tape were used to measure the diameter and length, respectively, of 41 samples. Using Excel and the R Language software, cluster analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were performed to assist in the application of new specifications and grades based on physical characteristics, pharmacological activity, and chemical composition.
RESULTS
The two specifications (wild and cultivated) of were divided into three grades each based on the length and diameter. Prim--glucosylcimifugin, 5--methylvisamminoside, and the length of can be used as a basis for classifying the commodity specifications and grades. The specifications and grade standards of were established based on the following eight aspects: shape, surface characteristics, texture, cross section, taste, prim--glucosylcimifugin content, 5--methylvisamminoside content and length.
CONCLUSION
The formulation of this standard stipulates the commodity specification level of . It is also suitable for the evaluation of commodity specifications in the process of production, circulation and use of .
PubMed: 36405060
DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.11.005 -
Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical... Nov 2022Stature is the height of an individual in an upright position. It is one of the key characteristics, which helps in defining any individual. Stature estimation is needed...
Stature is the height of an individual in an upright position. It is one of the key characteristics, which helps in defining any individual. Stature estimation is needed mostly in medicolegal cases where only a limited number of human fragments are left for forensic analysis. The teeth provide essential measurements that can be used to determine stature. The aim of the study is to find out whether the second maxillary interpremolar distance can be used to effectively estimate stature of individuals. For the study, the sample size taken was 60 (30 male and 30 females), and their second maxillary interpremolar distance was measured using a digital vernier caliper. The collected data were tabulated and statistical analysis was done using SPSS software (23), followed by linear regression. For male: Y = 178.65 - 1.09X, correlation coefficient, = 0.05, For female: Y = 169.30 - 1.99X, correlation coefficient, = 0.13. Since < 0.2, there is no correlation between the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar and the stature. From our study, we conclude that the interpremolar distance of the second maxillary premolar cannot be a reliable parameter for stature estimation in both genders.
PubMed: 36643103
DOI: 10.4103/japtr.japtr_216_22 -
Oman Journal of Ophthalmology 2023The aim of the study was to analyze orbitofacial anthropometric parameters such as inner and outer canthal distances (ICD and OCD), palpebral fissure length (PFL),...
AIM
The aim of the study was to analyze orbitofacial anthropometric parameters such as inner and outer canthal distances (ICD and OCD), palpebral fissure length (PFL), interpupillary distance (IPD), and canthal index (CI) in children with pseudostrabismus and to compare the measured IPD (mIPD) with calculated IPD (cIPD).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This was a prospective study of sixty children (6 months-18 years) with pseudostrabismus. ICD, OCD, PFL, and IPD were measured by digital Vernier caliper. The formula used was cIPD: 0.21+0.24 ICD+0.58°CD for males and 1.4+0.31 ICD+0.41°CD for females. Values measured by caliper were compared with that calculated by the formula. The formula used was CI: ICD × 100/OCD. Data were analyzed statistically.
RESULTS
The mean age was 6.66 ± 3.57 years. Telecanthus was the most common finding (55%). The mean ICD and OCD in males were 30.89 ± 3.33 mm and 87.96 ± 8.09 mm and in females were 30.91 ± 3.05 and 86.22 ± 6.81 mm, respectively. The mean right eye PFL in males was 28.53 ± 2.63 mm and in females was 27.66 ± 2.22 mm and left eye PFL in males was 28.53 mm ± 2.63 and in females was 27.66 ± 2.22 mm. CI in males was 35.10 ± 1.65 and in females was 35.84 ± 1.71. Mean mIPD and cIPD: male - 55.37 ± 4.75 mm and 58.56 ± 5.34 mm, female - 53.32 ± 4.74 mm and 46.26 ± 3.71 mm. A good agreement was found between mIPD and cIPD.
CONCLUSION
This study helps in documenting the anthropometric pattern of the orbitofacial parameters in children with pseudostrabismus which can act as reference data. This helps in the management of orbitofacial, craniofacial syndromes/deformities and lid reconstructive surgeries in retaining ethnical features and obtaining better function. In children's spectacle frame 1 and lens making, where measuring IPD is difficult, cIPD can be a simple alternative.
PubMed: 38059076
DOI: 10.4103/ojo.ojo_326_22 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Oct 2023Pediatric dentists should have information regarding whether mouth opening is limited. In clinical practice, these professionals should collect and record oral area...
BACKGROUND
Pediatric dentists should have information regarding whether mouth opening is limited. In clinical practice, these professionals should collect and record oral area measurements at the pediatric patient's first medical examination.
OBJECTIVES
The study's aim developed the standard mouth opening measurement in children by using ordinary least squares regression to develop a clinical prediction model in children with Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis before preoperative surgery.
METHODS
All participants completed their age, gender, and calculated height, weight, body mass index, and birth weight. Pediatric dentist performed all mouth-opening measurements. The oral-maxillofacial surgeon marked subnasal and pogonion points for the lower facial length of soft tissue. It was measured using the distance between the subnasal and pogonion with a digital vernier caliper. The widths of the three fingers (index, middle, and ring fingers) and four fingers (index, middle, ring, and little fingers) were also measured using a digital vernier caliper.
RESULTS
Maximum mouth opening showed that three-finger width (R2 = 0.566, F = 185.479) and four-finger width (R2 = 0.462, F = 122.209) had a significant influence on the Maximum mouth opening (MMO) (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSION
Pediatric dentists should collaborate with the treating maxillofacial surgeon to manage long-term treatment needs for individuals with Temporomandibular Joint Ankylosis.
Topics: Humans; Child; Models, Statistical; Prognosis; Ankylosis; Mouth; Temporomandibular Joint
PubMed: 37221976
DOI: 10.1111/joor.13498