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Pediatric Dermatology Nov 2022Onychomycosis is one of the most common nail diseases in adults but is described as infrequent in children. Data are, however, scattered and diverse. Studies have... (Review)
Review
Onychomycosis is one of the most common nail diseases in adults but is described as infrequent in children. Data are, however, scattered and diverse. Studies have nevertheless suggested that the prevalence of onychomycosis is increasing in children lately and the aim of this review was therefore to examine this problem. Two authors individually searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library for articles on epidemiology and prevalence of onychomycosis in children. The literature search was conducted in accordance per PRISMA guidelines. In total 1042 articles were identified of which 23 were eligible for inclusion. One of the articles presented two studies and a total of 24 studies were therefore included. Seventeen studies presented data of the prevalence of onychomycosis in children in the general population and seven studies among children visiting a dermatological and pediatric department or clinic. The prevalence ranged from 0% to 7.66% with an overall discrete increase of 0.66% during the period 1972 to 2014 in population studies (not statistically significant). This review supports a trend towards an increased prevalence of onychomycosis in children, albeit based on a paucity of studies. The data suggests an increasing prevalence of onychomycosis with age, and co-infection with tinea pedis (reported in 25% of the studies). The most common pathogen reported was Trichophyton rubrum and onychomycosis was more prevalent in toenails compared to fingernails. The general characteristics of onychomycosis in children are thus similar to those described in adults.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Nails; Onychomycosis; Prevalence; Tinea Pedis; Trichophyton
PubMed: 36130720
DOI: 10.1111/pde.15100 -
PloS One 2021Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Fungal infections are common on oral mucosae, but their role in other oral sites is ill defined. Over the last few decades, numerous studies have reported the presence of fungi, particularly Candida species in endodontic infections, albeit in relatively small numbers in comparison to its predominant anaerobic bacteriome. Here, we review the fungal biome of primary and secondary endodontic infections, with particular reference to the prevalence and behavior of Candida species. Meta-analysis of the available data from a total of 39 studies fitting the inclusion criteria, indicate the overall weighted mean prevalence (WMP) of fungal species in endodontic infections to be 9.11% (from a cumulative total of 2003 samples), with 9.0% in primary (n = 1341), and 9.3% in secondary infections (n = 662). Nevertheless, WMP for fungi in primary and secondary infections which were 6.3% and 7.5% for culture-based studies, increased to 12.5% and 16.0% in molecular studies, respectively. The most prevalent fungal species was Candida spp. The high heterogeneity in the reported fungal prevalence suggests the need for standardized sampling, and speciation methods. The advent of the new molecular biological analytical platforms, such as the next generation sequencing (NGS), and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), that enables identification and quantitation of a broad spectrum of hitherto unknown organisms in endodontic infections should radically alter our understanding of the endodontic mycobiome in the future. Candida spp. appear to be co-pathogens with bacteria in approximately one in ten patients with endodontic infections. Hence, clinicians should comprehend the importance and the role of fungi in endodontic infections and be cognizant of the need to eradicate both bacteria and fungi for successful therapy.
Topics: Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Candida; Candidiasis; Dental Pulp Diseases; Humans
PubMed: 34293029
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255003 -
BMC Pulmonary Medicine Oct 2023Hitherto, the bulk of diagnostic criteria regards Aspergillus-specific immunoglobulin E as a key item, and regard IgG as an auxiliary method in diagnose. Nevertheless,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Hitherto, the bulk of diagnostic criteria regards Aspergillus-specific immunoglobulin E as a key item, and regard IgG as an auxiliary method in diagnose. Nevertheless, there is no conclusive study in summarize the performance of IgG and IgE diagnosing ABPA.
METHODS
We conducted a systematic review to identify studies report results of IgE and IgG detection in diagnosing ABPA. QUADAS-2 tool was used to evaluate included studies, and we applied the HSROC model to calculate the pooled sensitivity and specificity. Deeks' funnel was derived to evaluated the public bias of included studies, and Cochrane Q test and I statistic were used to test the heterogeneity.
RESULTS
Eleven studies were included in this study (1127 subjects and 215 for IgE and IgG). Deeks's test for IgE and IgG were 0.10 and 0.19. The pooled sensitivity and specificity for IgE were 0.83 (95%CI: 0.77, 0.90) and 0.89 (0.83, 0.94), and for IgG were 0.93 (0.87, 0.97) and 0.73 (0.62,0.82), with P value < 0.001. The PLR and NLR for IgE were 7.80 (5.03,12.10) and 0.19 (0.13,0.27), while for IgG were 3.45 (2.40,4.96) and 0.09 (0.05,0.17). The combined diagnostic odds ratio and diagnostic score were 41.49 (26.74,64.36) and3.73 (3.29,4.16) for IgE, respectively, and were 38.42 (19.23,76.79) and 3.65 (2.96,4.34) for IgG.
CONCLUSION
The sensitivity for IgG diagnosing ABPA is higher than IgE, while the specificity for IgE is higher. IgG might be able to play a more important role in filtering ABPA patients.
Topics: Humans; Aspergillosis, Allergic Bronchopulmonary; Aspergillus fumigatus; Antibodies, Fungal; Immunoassay; Immunoglobulin E; Immunoglobulin G
PubMed: 37798745
DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02620-3 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as , , , and others, under specific climatic conditions on... (Review)
Review
Trichothecene mycotoxins are sesquiterpenoid compounds primarily produced by fungi in taxonomical genera such as , , , and others, under specific climatic conditions on a worldwide basis. mold is a major plant pathogen and produces a number of trichothecene mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (or vomitoxin), nivalenol, diacetoxyscirpenol, and T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin. Monogastrics are sensitive to vomitoxin, while poultry and ruminants appear to be less sensitive to some trichothecenes through microbial metabolism of trichothecenes in the gastrointestinal tract. Trichothecene mycotoxins occur worldwide however both total concentrations and the particular mix of toxins present vary with environmental conditions. Proper agricultural practices such as avoiding late harvests, removing overwintered stubble from fields, and avoiding a corn/wheat rotation that favors growth in residue can reduce trichothecene contamination of grains. Due to the vague nature of toxic effects attributed to low concentrations of trichothecenes, a solid link between low level exposure and a specific trichothecene is difficult to establish. Multiple factors, such as nutrition, management, and environmental conditions impact animal health and need to be evaluated with the knowledge of the mycotoxin and concentrations known to cause adverse health effects. Future research evaluating the impact of low-level exposure on livestock may clarify the potential impact on immunity. Trichothecenes are rapidly excreted from animals, and residues in edible tissues, milk, or eggs are likely negligible. In chronic exposures to trichothecenes, once the contaminated feed is removed and exposure stopped, animals generally have an excellent prognosis for recovery. This review shows the occurrence of trichothecenes in food and feed in 2011-2020 and their toxic effects and provides a summary of the discussions on the potential public health concerns specifically related to trichothecenes residues in foods associated with the exposure of farm animals to mycotoxin-contaminated feeds and impact to human health. Moreover, the article discusses the methods of their detection.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Food Analysis; Food Contamination; Food Microbiology; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Mitosporic Fungi; Trichothecenes
PubMed: 33467103
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020454 -
Clinical and Experimental Dental... Dec 2022To assess the Candida species occurrence rate and concentration in periodontal pockets in chronic periodontitis (CP) by meta-analysis. (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVES
To assess the Candida species occurrence rate and concentration in periodontal pockets in chronic periodontitis (CP) by meta-analysis.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A search was performed of articles published between January 1, 2010, and October 1, 2020, in English and in Russian, in the electronic databases MEDLINE-PubMed, Google Scholar, The Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, Research Gate, eLIBRARY, and Cyberleninka (PROSPEROCRD42021234831). The odds ratio (OR), standardized mean difference (SMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using Review Manager 5.4.1 to compare the risk of CP when Candida spp. were detected in the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket and to compare Candida spp. density counts in patients with CP and periodontally healthy patients.
RESULTS
Twenty-six studies were included in the systematic review and 11 were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed that Candida spp. may increase the chance of CP development by 1.76 times (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.04-2.99; Z = 2.10; p = .04; I = 61%). More Candida spp. were found in patients with CP than in periodontally healthy patients (SMD = 1.58; 95% CI = 0.15-3.02; p = .03; I = 98%). No data were found relating to the statistically significant influence of Candida glabrata, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis on CP development.
CONCLUSION
We found that Candida albicans insignificantly increased the risk of CP development but, due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, further research is necessary to determine the exact role of Candida spp. in the development and course of the inflammatory periodontal diseases.
Topics: Humans; Chronic Periodontitis; Candida; Periodontal Pocket; Candida albicans; Gingiva
PubMed: 35903878
DOI: 10.1002/cre2.635 -
The Nigerian Postgraduate Medical... 2023Histoplasmosis commonly occurs in the advanced HIV disease population and also in immunocompetent individuals. Previous reviews and recent studies highlight several... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
INTRODUCTION
Histoplasmosis commonly occurs in the advanced HIV disease population and also in immunocompetent individuals. Previous reviews and recent studies highlight several cases of histoplasmosis reported in Nigeria. We aimed to describe the current epidemiology of histoplasmosis in Nigeria and the need for active surveillance in the at-risk populations.
METHODS
Literature searches for all publications on histoplasmosis in Nigeria were performed using online databases including Google scholar, PubMed and African Journal online. The following search terms: 'histoplasmosis' and 'Nigeria', AND/OR 'Histoplasma and Nigeria' were used. No limitations on the date or other search criteria were applied, to avoid the exclusion of articles on histoplasmosis in Nigeria. All publications on histoplasmosis outside Nigeria were excluded.
RESULTS
Our review identified a total of 231 cases of histoplasmosis reported from Nigeria: 128 were from individual case reports and case series while 103 were cases from two observational studies. Of the 231 cases, 97 (42.0%) were from South West Nigeria, 66 (28.6%) were from South-South Nigeria, 24 (10.4%) were from North West, 22 (9.5%) from North Central Nigeria, 17 (7.4%) from South East Nigeria and 5 (2.2%) from the North East. Based on Nigeria's current population size of 216,953,585 the burden of histoplasmosis per 100,000 inhabitants was estimated to be 0.1%. The sheer number of cases detected in recent observational studies compared with individual case reports and series reported over a longer duration of 6 decades suggests gross under-reporting of histoplasmosis in Nigeria.
CONCLUSION
Histoplasmosis is not an uncommon clinical entity in Nigeria. Histoplasmosis case finding should be improved by training and retraining healthcare professionals and providing much-needed diagnostic capacity and infrastructure across health facilities in Nigeria.
Topics: Humans; Nigeria; Histoplasmosis; Histoplasma; HIV Infections; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36814158
DOI: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_311_22 -
The Science of the Total Environment Apr 2022Fungal spores make up a significant proportion of organic matter within the air. Allergic sensitisation to fungi is associated with conditions including allergic fungal... (Review)
Review
Fungal spores make up a significant proportion of organic matter within the air. Allergic sensitisation to fungi is associated with conditions including allergic fungal airway disease. This systematic review analyses outdoor fungal spore seasonality across Europe and considers the implications for health. Seventy-four studies met the inclusion criteria, the majority of which (n = 64) were observational sampling studies published between 1978 and 2020. The most commonly reported genera were the known allergens Alternaria and Cladosporium, measured in 52 and 49 studies, respectively. Both displayed statistically significant increased season length in south-westerly (Mediterranean) versus north-easterly (Atlantic and Continental) regions. Although there was a trend for reduced peak or annual Alternaria and Cladosporium spore concentrations in more northernly locations, this was not statistically significant. Peak spore concentrations of Alternaria and Cladosporium exceeded clinical thresholds in nearly all locations, with median peak concentrations of 665 and 18,827 per m, respectively. Meteorological variables, predominantly temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, were the main factors associated with fungal seasonality. Land-use was identified as another important factor, particularly proximity to agricultural and coastal areas. While correlations of increased season length or decreased annual spore concentrations with increasing average temperatures were reported in multi-decade sampling studies, the number of such studies was too small to make any definitive conclusions. Further, up-to-date studies covering underrepresented geographical regions and fungal taxa (including the use of modern molecular techniques), and the impact of land-use and climate change will help address remaining knowledge gaps. Such knowledge will help to better understand fungal allergy, develop improved fungal spore calendars and forecasts with greater geographical coverage, and promote increased awareness and management strategies for those with allergic fungal disease.
Topics: Air Microbiology; Alternaria; Environmental Monitoring; Europe; Seasons; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 34800445
DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151716 -
American Journal of Obstetrics &... Aug 2020During pregnancy, vaginal colonization by Candida spp is common. Some studies suggest an association between asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
OBJECTIVE
During pregnancy, vaginal colonization by Candida spp is common. Some studies suggest an association between asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and adverse pregnancy outcomes, but the evidence is inconsistent. This review aimed to systematically review the association between asymptomatic vaginal colonization by Candida spp and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including preterm birth.
DATA SOURCES
We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from inception to May 6, 2020 for published studies on vaginal Candida/yeast and pregnancy outcomes.
STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
Cohort studies, case-control studies, and randomized controlled trials that included pregnant women who were tested for asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization and reported on adverse pregnancy outcomes were eligible.
STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS
Two reviewers independently selected and extracted the data. Critical appraisal was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort and case-control studies and the revised Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized controlled trials.
RESULTS
We found no significant difference in preterm birth rate between Candida-positive and Candida-negative women (odds ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.99-1.22; I, 0%) in 15 studies among 33,321 women for either spontaneous preterm birth only (odds ratio, 1.13, 95% confidence interval, 0.97-1.31; I, 0%) or all preterm birth (odds ratio, 1.04; 95% confidence interval, 0.79-1.35; I, 21%). Subgroup analyses for a treatment strategy including only studies reporting on spontaneous preterm birth did not reveal any statistically significant associations either, although the odds ratio was increased for the untreated Candida-positive women (odds ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.81; I, 13%) in 3 studies among 5175 women. Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization was not associated with small for gestational age, perinatal mortality, or any other adverse pregnancy outcome.
CONCLUSION
Asymptomatic vaginal Candida colonization is not associated with preterm birth and other adverse pregnancy outcomes. Previous studies reported that treatment of this microorganism reduces preterm birth rate. Our results suggest that this effect is unlikely to rely on treatment of vaginal Candida.
Topics: Candida; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Small for Gestational Age; Perinatal Mortality; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Outcome; Premature Birth
PubMed: 33345884
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajogmf.2020.100163 -
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2021Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis considered endemic and limited to Latin America with the majority of registered cases originating from Brazil. The purpose...
BACKGROUND
Paracoccidioidomycosis is a systemic mycosis considered endemic and limited to Latin America with the majority of registered cases originating from Brazil. The purpose of this paper was to report a case of a female patient with paracoccidioidomycosis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease and to systematically review available cases of the intestinal presentation of this infectious disease.
CASE REPORT
Female patient, 32-years old, previously asymptomatic, presenting with acute pain in the lower right abdomen, associated with signs of peritoneal irritation and abdominal distension. Urgent surgery was performed, which identified a severe suppurative perforated ileitis. The anatomopathological study revealed fungal structures shaped as a ship's pilot wheel in Grocott-Gomori's staining, suggestive of Paracoccidioides spp.
METHODS
Studies were retrieved based on Medical Subject Headings and Health Sciences Descriptors, which were combined using Boolean operators. Searches were run on the electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE (PubMed), BIREME (Biblioteca Regional de Medicina), LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), Embase, and Opengray.eu. Languages were restricted to English, Spanish and Portuguese. There was no date of publication restrictions. The reference lists of the studies retrieved were searched manually. Simple descriptive analysis was used to summarize the results.
RESULTS
Our search strategy retrieved 581 references. In the final analysis, 34 references were included, with a total of 46 case reports. The most common clinical finding was abdominal pain and weight loss present in 31 (67.3%) patients. Most patients were treated with itraconazole (41.3%) and amphotericin B (36.9%). All-cause mortality was 12.8%.
CONCLUSIONS
Paracoccidioidomycosis should be suspected in endemics areas, specially as a differential diagnosis for inflammatory bowel disease. Endoscopic tests and biopsy are useful for diagnosis and treatment with antifungal drugs seem to be the first treatment option to achieve a significant success rate.
Topics: Adult; Amphotericin B; Antifungal Agents; Female; Humans; Itraconazole; Paracoccidioides; Paracoccidioidomycosis
PubMed: 34461048
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101605 -
Medical Mycology Jun 2024Recognizing the growing global burden of fungal infections, the World Health Organization established a process to develop a priority list of fungal pathogens (FPPL). In...
Recognizing the growing global burden of fungal infections, the World Health Organization established a process to develop a priority list of fungal pathogens (FPPL). In this systematic review, we aimed to evaluate the epidemiology and impact of infections caused by Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., and Lomentospora prolificans to inform the first FPPL. PubMed and Web of Sciences databases were searched to identify studies published between January 1, 2011 and February 23, 2021, reporting on mortality, complications and sequelae, antifungal susceptibility, preventability, annual incidence, and trends. Overall, 20, 11, and 9 articles were included for Fusarium spp., Scedosporium spp., and L. prolificans, respectively. Mortality rates were high in those with invasive fusariosis, scedosporiosis, and lomentosporiosis (42.9%-66.7%, 42.4%-46.9%, and 50.0%-71.4%, respectively). Antifungal susceptibility data, based on small isolate numbers, showed high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC)/minimum effective concentrations for most currently available antifungal agents. The median/mode MIC for itraconazole and isavuconazole were ≥16 mg/l for all three pathogens. Based on limited data, these fungi are emerging. Invasive fusariosis increased from 0.08 cases/100 000 admissions to 0.22 cases/100 000 admissions over the time periods of 2000-2009 and 2010-2015, respectively, and in lung transplant recipients, Scedosporium spp. and L. prolificans were only detected from 2014 onwards. Global surveillance to better delineate antifungal susceptibility, risk factors, sequelae, and outcomes is required.
Topics: Humans; Antifungal Agents; Fusarium; Scedosporium; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; World Health Organization; Mycoses; Fusariosis; Ascomycota; Invasive Fungal Infections
PubMed: 38935914
DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myad128