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World Journal of Surgical Oncology May 2022Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of...
BACKGROUND
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive tumors. The etiology and the factors determining its onset are not yet entirely known. This study investigates the origins of GBM, and for this purpose, it focuses primarily on developmental gliogenic processes. It also focuses on the impact of the related neurogenic developmental processes in glioblastoma oncogenesis. It also addresses why glial cells are at more risk of tumor development compared to neurons.
METHODS
Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were searched for published articles without any date restrictions, involving glioblastoma, gliogenesis, neurogenesis, stemness, neural stem cells, gliogenic signaling and pathways, neurogenic signaling and pathways, and astrocytogenic genes.
RESULTS
The origin of GBM is dependent on dysregulation in multiple genes and pathways that accumulatively converge the cells towards oncogenesis. There are multiple layers of steps in glioblastoma oncogenesis including the failure of cell fate-specific genes to keep the cells differentiated in their specific cell types such as p300, BMP, HOPX, and NRSF/REST. There are genes and signaling pathways that are involved in differentiation and also contribute to GBM such as FGFR3, JAK-STAT, and hey1. The genes that contribute to differentiation processes but also contribute to stemness in GBM include notch, Sox9, Sox4, c-myc gene overrides p300, and then GFAP, leading to upregulation of nestin, SHH, NF-κB, and others. GBM mutations pathologically impact the cell circuitry such as the interaction between Sox2 and JAK-STAT pathway, resulting in GBM development and progression.
CONCLUSION
Glioblastoma originates when the gene expression of key gliogenic genes and signaling pathways become dysregulated. This study identifies key gliogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis in glioblastoma cells, including p300, BMP, PAX6, HOPX, NRSF/REST, LIF, and TGF beta. It also identifies key neurogenic genes having the ability to control oncogenesis including PAX6, neurogenins including Ngn1, NeuroD1, NeuroD4, Numb, NKX6-1 Ebf, Myt1, and ASCL1. This study also postulates how aging contributes to the onset of glioblastoma by dysregulating the gene expression of NF-κB, REST/NRSF, ERK, AKT, EGFR, and others.
Topics: Brain Neoplasms; Carcinogenesis; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Glioblastoma; Humans; Janus Kinases; NF-kappa B; Neoplastic Stem Cells; Neurogenesis; SOXC Transcription Factors; STAT Transcription Factors; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 35538578
DOI: 10.1186/s12957-022-02602-5 -
Frontiers in Plant Science 2022Culture in temporary immersion systems (TIS) is a valuable tool for the semi-automation of high frequency somatic embryogenesis of coffee. This system allows the...
Culture in temporary immersion systems (TIS) is a valuable tool for the semi-automation of high frequency somatic embryogenesis of coffee. This system allows the intermittent exposure of explants to liquid medium in cycles of specific frequency and duration of immersion with renewal of the culture atmosphere in each cycle. TIS have revolutionized somatic embryogenesis of coffee plants as an alternative for scaling up and reducing costs associated with labor-intensive solid media culture. In Central America, somatic embryogenesis is employed on a commercial scale to produce F1 hybrids. In Asia and Africa, somatic embryogenesis is used for the multiplication of selected genotypes of and . Somatic embryogenesis of coffee plants is considered a model system for woody species due to its biological versatility and low frequency of somaclonal variation. Nevertheless, the success of somatic embryogenesis for mass propagation of coffee plants depends on the development, optimization, and transfer of complementary technologies. Temporary immersion using the RITA bioreactor is, so far, the best complementary tool for somatic embryogenesis of Arabica coffee for a single recipient with simple changes in liquid media. Likewise, high volume bioreactors, such as 10-L glass BIT and 10-L flexible disposable plastic bags, have been successfully used for somatic embryogenesis of other coffee species. These bioreactors allow the manipulation of thousands of embryos under semi-automated conditions. The protocols, advantages, and benefits of this technology have been well documented for organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis pathways. However, adaptation in commercial laboratories requires technical and logistical adjustments based on the biological response of the cultures as well as the costs of implementation and production. This review presents the historical and present background of TIS and its commercial application and, in particular, pertinent information regarding temporary immersion culture for somatic embryogenesis. The main limitations of this technology, such as hyperhydricity, asynchrony, and developmental abnormalities, are examined, and a critical analysis of current knowledge regarding physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of the plant response to temporary immersion is offered. Further, perspectives are provided for understanding and solving the morpho-physiological problems associated with temporary immersion culture of coffee plants. Systematic Review Registration.
PubMed: 36275513
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.994578 -
Journal of ISAKOS : Joint Disorders &... Jan 2021Cadaveric and MRI findings have demonstrated significantly less labral separation and displacement when the shoulder is placed in external rotation as compared with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
IMPORTANCE
Cadaveric and MRI findings have demonstrated significantly less labral separation and displacement when the shoulder is placed in external rotation as compared with internal rotation.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of the current study is to meta-analyse the randomised controlled trials in the literature to compare immobilisation in external versus internal rotation after first-time anterior shoulder dislocation.
EVIDENCE REVIEW
A literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library was performed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Randomised controlled trials comparing immobilisation in external rotation versus internal rotation for first-time anterior shoulder dislocation were included.
FINDINGS
Nine randomised controlled trials with 795 patients were included. The mean age of included patients was 29 years, 82.4% were male and the mean follow-up was 25.5 months. As compared with immobilisation in internal rotation, compliance was significantly higher (74.5% vs 67.4%, p=0.01), and the rate of recurrent dislocations was significantly lower (22.2% vs 33.4%, p=0.02) with immobilisation in external rotation. Additionally, in patients 20-40 years old the rate of recurrent dislocations was significantly lower in those treated with immobilisation in external rotation than internal rotation (12.1% vs 31.4%, p=0.006). Immobilisation in external rotation also resulted in a higher rate of return to preinjury level of play (60.1% vs 42.6%, p=0.0001).
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
Immobilisation of the shoulder in external rotation after a traumatic first-time anterior shoulder dislocation results in a higher compliance rate, a lower recurrent dislocation rate and a higher rate of return to play as compared with immobilisation in internal rotation.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Level I.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Immobilization; Joint Instability; Male; Orthopedic Procedures; Patient Compliance; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Range of Motion, Articular; Recurrence; Return to Sport; Rotation; Shoulder Dislocation; Shoulder Injuries; Shoulder Joint; Young Adult
PubMed: 33833042
DOI: 10.1136/jisakos-2020-000511 -
Fitoterapia Apr 2021Members of the botanical families Apiaceae/Umbelliferae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae/Leguminosae, and Thymelaeaceae are rich in coumarins and have traditionally been used as...
BACKGROUND
Members of the botanical families Apiaceae/Umbelliferae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae/Leguminosae, and Thymelaeaceae are rich in coumarins and have traditionally been used as ethnomedicines in many regions including Europe, Asia, and South America. Coumarins are a class of secondary metabolites that are widely present in plants, fungi, and bacteria and exhibit several pharmacological, biochemical, and therapeutic effects. Recently, many plants rich in coumarins and their derivatives were found to affect bone metabolism.
OBJECTIVE
To review scientific literature describing the mechanisms of action of coumarins in osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
For this systematic review, the PubMed, Scopus, and Periodical Capes databases and portals were searched. We included in vitro research articles published between 2010 and 2020 that evaluated coumarins using osteoclastogenic markers.
RESULTS
Coumarins have been reported to downregulate RANKL-RANK signaling and various downstream signaling pathways required for osteoclast development, such as NF-κB, MAPK, Akt, and Ca signaling, as well as pathways downstream of the nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFATc1), including tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), cathepsin K (CTSK), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9).
CONCLUSIONS
Coumarins primarily inhibit osteoclast differentiation and activation by modulating different intracellular signaling pathways; therefore, they could serve as potential candidates for controlled randomized clinical trials aimed at improving human bone health.
Topics: Animals; Bone Resorption; Cells, Cultured; Coumarins; Humans; Osteogenesis; RANK Ligand; Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor-kappa B; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33556550
DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104842 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2019The unavailability of sufficient numbers of human primary cells is a major roadblock for in vitro repair of bone and/or cartilage, and for performing disease modelling...
The unavailability of sufficient numbers of human primary cells is a major roadblock for in vitro repair of bone and/or cartilage, and for performing disease modelling experiments. Immortalized mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) may be employed as a research tool for avoiding these problems. The purpose of this review was to revise the available literature on the characteristics of the iMSC lines, paying special attention to the maintenance of the phenotype of the primary cells from which they were derived, and whether they are effectively useful for in vitro disease modeling and cell therapy purposes. This review was performed by searching on Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases from 1 January 2015 to 30 September 2019. The keywords used were ALL = (mesenchymal AND ("cell line" OR immortal*) AND (cartilage OR chondrogenesis OR bone OR osteogenesis) AND human). Only original research studies in which a human iMSC line was employed for osteogenesis or chondrogenesis experiments were included. After describing the success of the immortalization protocol, we focused on the iMSCs maintenance of the parental phenotype and multipotency. According to the literature revised, it seems that the maintenance of these characteristics is not guaranteed by immortalization, and that careful selection and validation of clones with particular characteristics is necessary for taking advantage of the full potential of iMSC to be employed in bone and cartilage-related research.
Topics: Bone Regeneration; Bone and Bones; Cartilage; Chondrogenesis; Humans; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Osteogenesis
PubMed: 31847077
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246286 -
BMC Oral Health Apr 2023Ridge resorption following tooth extraction may be reduced by alveolar ridge preservation (ARP). Previous randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews have... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
BACKGROUND
Ridge resorption following tooth extraction may be reduced by alveolar ridge preservation (ARP). Previous randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews have suggested that autogenous tooth bone graft (ATB) can be an effective alternative material for ARP. However, the results are heterogeneous. Therefore, our research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ATB in ARP.
METHODS
A systematic search was conducted in Cochrane Library, Embase, MEDLINE and Scopus for studies published from inception to 31 November 2021. We searched searched for randomized, non-randomized controlled trials and case series reporting on ATB use for ARP. The primary outcome was the ridge width difference pre- and post-surgery, measured in millimetres (mm) measured on CBCT (cone beam computed tomography). The secondary outcomes were the histological results. We followed the PRISMA2020 recommendations for reporting our systematic review and meta-analysis.
RESULTS
The analysis included eight studies for the primary and six for the secondary outcomes. The meta-analysis revealed a positive ridge preservation effect with a pooled mean difference ridge width change of -0.72 mm. The pooled mean residual graft proportion was 11.61%, and the newly formed bone proportion was 40.23%. The pooled mean of newly formed bone proportion was higher in the group where ATB originated from both the root and crown of the tooth.
CONCLUSIONS
ATB is an effective particulate graft material in ARP. Complete demineralization of the ATB tends to decrease the proportion of newly formed bone. ATB can be an attractive option for ARP.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The study protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021287890).
Topics: Humans; Alveolar Process; Tooth Socket; Alveolar Ridge Augmentation; Tooth Extraction; Osteogenesis; Alveolar Bone Loss
PubMed: 37076844
DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02930-2 -
Cells Nov 2020Cardiovascular calcification is highly prevalent and associated with increased morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review examines the impact of uremic...
Cardiovascular calcification is highly prevalent and associated with increased morbidity in chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review examines the impact of uremic toxins, which accumulate in CKD due to a failing kidney function, on cardiovascular calcification. A systematic literature search identified 41 uremic toxins that have been studied in relation to cardiovascular calcification. For 29 substances, a potentially causal role in cardiovascular calcification was addressed in in vitro or animal studies. A calcification-inducing effect was revealed for 16 substances, whereas for three uremic toxins, namely the guanidino compounds asymmetric and symmetric dimethylarginine, as well as guanidinosuccinic acid, a calcification inhibitory effect was identified in vitro. At a mechanistic level, effects of uremic toxins on calcification could be linked to the induction of inflammation or oxidative stress, smooth muscle cell osteogenic transdifferentiation and/or apoptosis, or alkaline phosphatase activity. For all middle molecular weight and protein-bound uremic toxins that were found to affect cardiovascular calcification, an increasing effect on calcification was revealed, supporting the need to focus on an increased removal efficiency of these uremic toxin classes in dialysis. In conclusion, of all uremic toxins studied with respect to calcification regulatory effects to date, more uremic toxins promote rather than reduce cardiovascular calcification processes. Additionally, it highlights that only a relatively small part of uremic toxins has been screened for effects on calcification, supporting further investigation of uremic toxins, as well as of associated post-translational modifications, on cardiovascular calcification processes.
Topics: Alkaline Phosphatase; Animals; Apoptosis; Calcinosis; Cardiomyopathies; Humans; Inflammation; Molecular Weight; Osteogenesis; Oxidative Stress; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Signal Transduction; Toxins, Biological; Uremia
PubMed: 33172085
DOI: 10.3390/cells9112428 -
Journal of Prosthodontic Research Apr 2024Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on promoting osseointegration around dental implants.Study selection A... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on promoting osseointegration around dental implants.Study selection A comprehensive search was performed on two databases, including MEDLINE (PubMed) and Web of Science to identify relevant studies published before June 1, 2022. Randomized controlled trials that met the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. The year of publication, study design, animal species, number of animals, number of implants, implant position, implant size, intervention, follow-up time, bone volume ratio (BV/TV), bone-implant contact ratio (BIC), and implant removal torque value (RTV) measurements, including mean and SD, were extracted.Results Ten randomized trials were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that LIPUS significantly promoted osteogenesis around dental implants. Furthermore, in animal models of pre-existing diseases such as osteoporosis and diabetes, LIPUS had the same effect. The included data were divided into subgroups to explore the effects of different follow-up time, acoustic intensities, and frequencies. Results showed that higher acoustic intensities and frequencies significantly improve the osteogenic effects of LIPUS. There was some degree of heterogeneity owing to bias in the included studies. More high-quality randomized controlled trials are necessary in the future.Conclusions LIPUS can promote bone healing around dental implants and is an attractive option for edentulous patients, especially those with pre-existing diseases. Further clinical trials on the use of LIPUS in implant dentistry are warranted. Furthermore, future studies must pay more attention to acoustic intensity and frequency.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Osteogenesis; Dental Implants; Osseointegration; Ultrasonic Waves
PubMed: 37518333
DOI: 10.2186/jpr.JPR_D_23_00068 -
Journal of Biomedical Materials... Jan 2022The aim of the present systematic review was to analyse studies using inorganic implant coatings and, in a meta-analysis, the effect of specifically tricalcium phosphate... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
A systematic review on the effect of inorganic surface coatings in large animal models and meta-analysis on tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite on periimplant bone formation.
The aim of the present systematic review was to analyse studies using inorganic implant coatings and, in a meta-analysis, the effect of specifically tricalcium phosphate (TCP) and hydroxyapatite (HA) implant surface coatings on bone formation according to the PRISMA criteria. Inclusion criteria were the comparison to rough surfaced titanium implants in large animal studies at different time points of healing. Forty studies met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Fifteen of these analyzed the bone-to-implant contact (BIC) around the most investigated inorganic titanium implant coatings, namely TCP and HA, and were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the TCP group show after 14 days a BIC being 3.48% points lower compared with the reference surface. This difference in BIC decreases to 0.85% points after 21-28 days. After 42-84 days, the difference in BIC of 13.79% points is in favor of the TCP-coatings. However, the results are not statistically significant, in part due to the fact that the variability between the studies increased over time. The results of the HA group show a significant difference in mean BIC of 6.94% points after 14 days in favor of the reference surface. After 21-28 days and 42-84 days the difference in BIC is slightly in favor of the test group with 1.53% points and 1.57% points, respectively, lacking significance. In large animals, there does not seem to be much effect of TCP-coated or HA-coated implants over uncoated rough titanium implants in the short term.
Topics: Animals; Calcium Phosphates; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Dental Implants; Durapatite; Models, Animal; Osseointegration; Osteogenesis; Surface Properties; Titanium
PubMed: 34272804
DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34899 -
The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine Mar 2021Considerable controversy exists over surgical procedures for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The purpose of the meta-analysis was to compare... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
Is anterior decompression and fusion superior to laminoplasty for cervical myelopathy due to ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament? A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Considerable controversy exists over surgical procedures for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). The purpose of the meta-analysis was to compare the clinical outcome of anterior decompression and fusion (ADF) with laminoplasty (LAMP) in treatment of cervical myelopathy due to OPLL. PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials database were searched to identify potential clinical studies compared ADF with LAMP for cervical myelopathy owing to OPLL. We also manually searched the reference lists of articles and reviews for possible relevant studies. Thirteen studies with 1120 patients were included in our analysis. Subgroup analyses were performed by the canal occupying ratio of OPLL. Overall, the mean preoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score was similar between two groups. Compared with LAMP group, ADF group was higher at the mean postoperative JOA scores and mean recovery rate, reoperation rate, and longer at mean operation time. There was not significantly different in mean blood loss and complication rate between two groups. In subgroup analysis, ADF had a higher mean postoperative JOA score and recovery rate than LAMP in cases of OPLL with occupying ratios ≥ 50%, while those difference were not found in cases of OPLL with occupying ratios < 50%. ADF achieves better neurological improvement compared with LAMP in treatment of cervical myelopathy due to OPLL, especially in cases of OPLL with occupying ratios ≥ 50%. Complication rate is similar between two groups, but ADF can increase the risk of reoperation.
Topics: Cervical Vertebrae; Decompression, Surgical; Humans; Laminoplasty; Longitudinal Ligaments; Ossification of Posterior Longitudinal Ligament; Osteogenesis; Retrospective Studies; Spinal Cord Diseases; Spinal Cord Injuries; Spinal Fusion; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 30888255
DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2019.1579987