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Tropical Animal Health and Production Nov 2020Sheep farming is the backbone of a rural economy in developing countries, and haemonchosis is a major impediment in the way of its progress. Haemonchus contortus (H.... (Review)
Review
Sheep farming is the backbone of a rural economy in developing countries, and haemonchosis is a major impediment in the way of its progress. Haemonchus contortus (H. contortus) infection persists all over the world particularly in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. Various review articles have been published to substantially cover one or more aspects of its morphology, prevalence, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, immune response, drug resistance, treatment, and control measure. The objective of this paper is to briefly review past and present information available in the aforementioned areas in one place to enable the readers to fully understand the problem from a broader perspective. H. contortus parasite harbours in abomasum of affected animal and feeds on its blood, producing mild to severe symptoms and even death in acute form. The parasite thus inflicts heavy production losses and is of economic importance. H. contortus has developed diverse characters over the years leading to limited success in the production of vaccines. Indiscriminate use of the anthelmintics has produced drug resistance against almost all conventional products. Efficacy of medicinal plants and non-conventional chemicals has been reported under controlled experiments; however, research on their adverse effects on growth and fertility is yet to be studied. Research on molecular tools for identification and introduction of resistant genes into the flock is also underway but still a long journey to find its field application. Crossbreeding may compromise the production traits of the existing flock. In given circumstances, a targeted selective treatment approach along with selective breeding, culling of more susceptible animals, and maintaining a good body condition score through the provision of a balanced diet remains a workable strategy to control haemonchosis in sheep.
Topics: Animals; Haemonchiasis; Haemonchus; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 33216230
DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02439-8 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Dec 2022Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and...
BACKGROUND
Although left and right displacement of the abomasum and abomasal volvulus are well-known disorders of cattle, a comparative evaluation of the clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings of these types of abomasal displacements has not been undertaken. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare these conditions in a large population of cows. The medical records of 1982 dairy cows with left displaced abomasum (LDA, n = 1341), right displaced absomasum (RDA, n = 338) and abomasal volvulus (AV, n = 303) were searched for the results of clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic evaluations.
RESULTS
The main clinical findings were an abnormal demeanour in 48.2% of the cows, reduced rumen motility in 89.7% and decreased intestinal motility in 61.1%. Ballottement and simultaneous auscultation and percussion and simultaneous auscultation were positive on the left side in 96.9% of the cows with LDA and on the right in 98.5% of the cows with RDA and in 99.3% of the cows with AV. Ultrasonography was useful for diagnosing LDA in 97.9% of the cows and RDA/AV in 90.2% of the cows. The laboratory findings characteristic of abomasal reflux syndrome varied in severity; 83% of the cows had hypokalaemia, 67% had increased rumen chloride concentration, 67% had an increased base excess and 50% had haemoconcentration. Based on the clinical signs, a definitive diagnosis was made in 75.0% of the cows with LDA and in 22.5% of the cows with RDA/AV. Ultrasonography was required for a definitive diagnosis in another 22.0% of the cows with LDA and in 53.0% of the cows with RDA/AV. Laparotomy or postmortem examination was required for reliable differentiation of RDA and AV.
CONCLUSIONS
LDA, RDA and AV differ with respect to the severity and the frequency of several abnormal clinical, laboratory and ultrasonographic findings as well as the methods required for a diagnosis.
Topics: Female; Cattle; Animals; Pregnancy; Intestinal Volvulus; Abomasum; Stomach Diseases; Rumen; Cattle Diseases
PubMed: 36539887
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00656-9 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... Jan 2021Pythiosis is characterized most commonly by ulcerative dermatitis, mainly in the limbs of sheep and occasionally of goats. In sheep, is also responsible for necrotizing... (Review)
Review
Pythiosis is characterized most commonly by ulcerative dermatitis, mainly in the limbs of sheep and occasionally of goats. In sheep, is also responsible for necrotizing rhinitis characterized by marked enlargement and deformity of the nasal region, severe respiratory difficulty, and bloody nasal discharge. A third form of pythiosis in sheep affects the digestive tract, involving ulceration of the esophagus, forestomachs, and abomasum. Pythiosis in sheep and goats has been reported only in Brazil where it occurs mainly in the semiarid region of the country, when animals congregate and stay for longer periods of time within or around water reservoirs. However, it has been reported as well in areas of humid environments, such as the Pantanal of Mato Grosso and in the Brazilian Cerrado. The diagnosis of the different presentations of pythiosis is based on gross and microscopic findings, coupled with detection of the agent by immunohistochemical, molecular, and/or culture-based methods.
Topics: Animals; Brazil; Goat Diseases; Goats; Pythiosis; Pythium; Sheep; Sheep Diseases
PubMed: 33155523
DOI: 10.1177/1040638720968937 -
Frontiers in Genetics 2021Visceral fat is related to important metabolic processes, including insulin sensitivity and lipid mobilization. The goal of this study was to identify individual genes,...
Visceral fat is related to important metabolic processes, including insulin sensitivity and lipid mobilization. The goal of this study was to identify individual genes, pathways, and molecular processes implicated in visceral fat deposition in dairy cows. Data from 172 genotyped Holstein cows classified at slaughterhouse as having low ( = 77; omental fold 5 mm in thickness and minimum fat deposition in omentum) or high ( = 95; omental fold 20 mm in thickness and marked fat deposition in omentum) omental fat were analyzed. The identification of regions with significant additive and non-additive genetic effects was performed using a two-step mixed model-based approach. Genomic scans were followed by gene-set analyses in order to reveal the genetic mechanisms controlling abdominal obesity. The association mapping revealed four regions located on BTA19, BTA20 and BTA24 with significant additive effects. These regions harbor genes, such as , , and the HOXB family, that are implicated in lipolysis and insulin tolerance. Three regions located on BTA1, BTA13, and BTA24 showed marked non-additive effects. These regions harbor genes , and that are directly implicated in adipocyte differentiation, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. The gene-set analysis revealed functional terms related to cell arrangement, cell metabolism, cell proliferation, cell signaling, immune response, lipid metabolism, and membrane permeability, among other functions. We further evaluated the genetic link between visceral fat and two metabolic disorders, ketosis, and displaced abomasum. For this, we analyzed 28k records of incidence of metabolic disorders from 14k cows across lactations using a single-step genomic BLUP approach. Notably, the region on BTA20 significantly associated with visceral fat deposition was also associated with the incidence of displaced abomasum. Overall, our findings suggest that visceral fat deposition in dairy cows is controlled by both additive and non-additive effects. We detected at least one region with marked pleiotropic effects affecting both visceral fat accumulation and displaced abomasum.
PubMed: 35058972
DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.803216 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Apr 2020This study aims to investigate and compare the expressions of leptin and ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tracts of calves and cows. The mRNA expression of leptin in the...
This study aims to investigate and compare the expressions of leptin and ghrelin in the gastrointestinal tracts of calves and cows. The mRNA expression of leptin in the rumen, abomasum, and jejunum of calves was significantly higher than that in cows. In both calves and cows, abomasum ghrelin mRNA expression was significantly higher than that in other gastrointestinal tracts. In calves, leptin protein expression in the abomasum was the highest. In addition, leptin protein expression in the abomasum and jejunum of calves was significantly higher than that in cows. Results indicated that leptin in the abomasum and jejunum plays an important role during the suckling period in a ruminant.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Female; Gastrointestinal Tract; Gene Expression; Ghrelin; Leptin; Male; RNA, Messenger
PubMed: 32092743
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0680 -
Research (Washington, D.C.) 2023Newborn ruminants are considered functionally monogastric animals. The poor understanding of cellular differences between newborn and mature ruminants prevents the...
Newborn ruminants are considered functionally monogastric animals. The poor understanding of cellular differences between newborn and mature ruminants prevents the improvement of health and performance of domestic ruminants. Here, we performed the single-cell RNA sequencing on the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, rectum, liver, salivary gland, and mammary gland from newborn and adult cattle. A comprehensive single-cell transcriptomic atlas covering 235,941 high-quality single cells and 78 cell types was deciphered. A Cattle Cell Landscape database (http://cattlecelllandscape.zju.edu.cn) was established to elaborately display the data and facilitate effective annotation of cattle cell types and subtypes for the broad research community. By measuring stemness states of epithelial cells in each tissue type, we revealed that the epithelial cells from newborn forestomach (rumen, reticulum, and omasum) were more transcriptionally indistinct and stochastic compared with the adult stage, which was in contrast to those of abomasum and intestinal tissues. The rapid forestomach development during the early life of calves was driven by epithelial progenitor-like cells with high DNA repair activities and methylation. Moreover, in the forestomach tissues of newborn calves, the genus was involved in regulating the transcriptional plasticity of the epithelial progenitor-like cells by DNA methylation regulation. A novel cell type, the cell, was found to be newborn-specific. It apparently plays a crucial role in stemness maintenance of its own and cholangiocytes in the hepatic microenvironment. Our results reveal that the age- and microbiota-dependent cell stemness plasticity drives the postnatal functional maturity of ruminants.
PubMed: 37040481
DOI: 10.34133/research.0025 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2021A metagenomic approach was used to study the gut microbiome of Haemonchus contortus field strains and that of its predilection site, the abomasum of Dohne Merino sheep....
A metagenomic approach was used to study the gut microbiome of Haemonchus contortus field strains and that of its predilection site, the abomasum of Dohne Merino sheep. The abomasum contents and H. contortus were collected from 10 naturally infected Dohne Merino sheep. The H. contortus specimens were classified and sexually differentiated using morphometric characters and was further confirmed through molecular identification. We investigated differences and similarities between the bacterial composition of the adult male and female H. contortus gut microbiomes, which were both dominated by bacteria from the Escherichia, Shigella, Vibrio and Halomonas genera. Major abundance variations were identified between the shared adult male and female H. contortus microbiomes. The results also revealed that Succiniclasticum, Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group and Candidatus Saccharimonas were the predominant genera in the Dohne Merino abomasum. This study provides insight into the highly diverse bacterial composition of the H. contortus gut microbiome and the Dohne Merino abomasum which needs to be studied further to explore the complex interactions of different gastrointestinal nematode microbiomes with the host.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Biodiversity; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Haemonchiasis; Haemonchus; Male; Phylogeny; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; South Africa
PubMed: 33723324
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85282-7 -
PloS One 2022Despite the growing interest in the ruminants' gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiomes' ability to degrade plant materials by animal husbandry and industrial sectors,...
Despite the growing interest in the ruminants' gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiomes' ability to degrade plant materials by animal husbandry and industrial sectors, only a few studies addressed browsing ruminants. The present work describes the taxonomic and functional profile of the bacterial and archaeal communities from five different gastrointestinal sections (rumen, omasum-abomasum, jejunum, cecum and colon) of browsing Capra hircus, by metabarcoding using 16S rRNA genes hypervariable regions. The bacterial communities across the GITs are mainly composed of Bacillota and Bacteroidota. Prevotella was the leading bacterial group found in the stomachs, Romboutsia in the jejuna, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Bacteroides, UCG-010_ge, UCG-005, and Alistipes in large intestines. The archaeal communities in the stomachs and jejuna revealed to be mainly composed of Methanobrevibacter, while in the large intestines its dominance is shared with Methanocorpusculum. Across the GITs, the main metabolic functions were related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolisms. Significant differences in the composition and potential biological functions of the bacterial communities were observed among stomachs, jejuna and large intestines. In contrast, significant differences were observed among stomachs and jejuna verse large intestines for archaeal communities. Overall different regions of the GIT are occupied by different microbial communities performing distinct biological functions. A high variety of glycoside hydrolases (GHs) indispensable for degrading plant cell wall materials were predicted to be present in all the GIT sections.
Topics: Amino Acids; Animals; Archaea; Bacteria; Bacteroidetes; Carbohydrates; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Glycoside Hydrolases; Goats; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Rumen
PubMed: 36251671
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276262 -
Data in Brief Aug 2022The protein degradation of alfalfa hay after tannin supplementation was monitored during wethers digestion. Three rumen-cannulated wethers were infused a tannin...
The protein degradation of alfalfa hay after tannin supplementation was monitored during wethers digestion. Three rumen-cannulated wethers were infused a tannin solution, and water for control, through the cannula. The digestion time-points samples were collected in the rumen and in the abomasum, and the small intestine compartments. The digestomic dataset was acquired by identifying and quantifying the peptides resulting from the protein degradation, using high-resolution LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry and label-free quantitation. The digestomic dataset is the compilation of proteomic data acquired in the rumen and peptidomic data acquired in the abomasum and in the small intestine. The proteomic analysis identified 20 proteins in the rumen fluid, based on 169 peptides of which 140 are unique. The peptidomic analysis identified 28 proteins in the abomasum, based on 575 peptides of which 363 are unique, and 11 proteins in the small intestine, based on 94 peptides of which 63 are unique. This digestomic dataset of proteolysis during sheep post rumen digestion after tannin supplementation reveals the protein regions protected by tannin supplementation, and could be reused in studies related to the protein use efficiency by ruminants.
PubMed: 35928346
DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108492 -
BMC Veterinary Research Oct 2022Due to the complexity of ruminant digestion, cannulation of organs of the digestive tract has been carried out in order to advance the understanding of digestive...
BACKGROUND
Due to the complexity of ruminant digestion, cannulation of organs of the digestive tract has been carried out in order to advance the understanding of digestive physiology, nutrient degradability, gastrointestinal diseases and biotechnological research. The abomasal cannulation is interesting for nutritional studies, especially in suckling calves, to obtain fluid and abomasal content, evaluation of abomasal flow and function, and infusion of nutrients and drugs when it is intended to reach high concentrations in the organ. Conventionally, access and cannulation of digestive organs of ruminants has been performed by laparotomy, a method often criticized and classified as cruel by some sectors related to ethics and animal welfare. The aim of this present study is to describe and standardize a minimally invasive by laparoscopy assisted abomasal cannulation in bovine fetuses (cadavers), which had been previously slaughtered by accident and would be discarded in local slaughterhouses.
RESULTS
The abomasal cannulation technique was feasible, simple and did not present major difficulties. The surgical time for cannulation of the abomasum, from the insertion of the trocars to the completion of the technique with fixation of the organ to the abdominal wall, ranged from 9 to 27 min, with an average of 15.5 ± 6.62 min.
CONCLUSIONS
The Laproscopic assisted abomasal cannulation in bovine fetuses was feasible and safe with minimal tissue injury to the abdominal wall and with short surgical time. More studies in the clinical routine related to minimally invasive abomasal content collection, abomasopexy and abomasotomy are required in order to demonstrate its impact and importance in bovine clinic.
Topics: Cattle; Animals; Abomasum; Laparoscopy; Catheterization; Fetus; Cadaver
PubMed: 36284310
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03473-4