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Nature Apr 2024Genome-wide association analyses using high-throughput metabolomics platforms have led to novel insights into the biology of human metabolism. This detailed knowledge of...
Genome-wide association analyses using high-throughput metabolomics platforms have led to novel insights into the biology of human metabolism. This detailed knowledge of the genetic determinants of systemic metabolism has been pivotal for uncovering how genetic pathways influence biological mechanisms and complex diseases. Here we present a genome-wide association study for 233 circulating metabolic traits quantified by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in up to 136,016 participants from 33 cohorts. We identify more than 400 independent loci and assign probable causal genes at two-thirds of these using manual curation of plausible biological candidates. We highlight the importance of sample and participant characteristics that can have significant effects on genetic associations. We use detailed metabolic profiling of lipoprotein- and lipid-associated variants to better characterize how known lipid loci and novel loci affect lipoprotein metabolism at a granular level. We demonstrate the translational utility of comprehensively phenotyped molecular data, characterizing the metabolic associations of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. Finally, we observe substantial genetic pleiotropy for multiple metabolic pathways and illustrate the importance of careful instrument selection in Mendelian randomization analysis, revealing a putative causal relationship between acetone and hypertension. Our publicly available results provide a foundational resource for the community to examine the role of metabolism across diverse diseases.
Topics: Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Acetone; Biomarkers; Cholestasis, Intrahepatic; Cohort Studies; Genome-Wide Association Study; Hypertension; Lipoproteins; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mendelian Randomization Analysis; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolomics; Phenotype; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Pregnancy Complications
PubMed: 38448586
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07148-y -
Nutrients Aug 2023The ketogenic diet (KD) restricts carbohydrate consumption, leading to an increase in ketone bodies, such as acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, which are... (Review)
Review
The ketogenic diet (KD) restricts carbohydrate consumption, leading to an increase in ketone bodies, such as acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, which are utilized as energy substrates. This dietary approach impacts several biochemical processes, resulting in improved clinical management of various disorders, particularly in childhood. However, the exact mechanisms underlying the efficacy of KD remain unclear. Interestingly, KD may also impact the gut microbiota, which plays a pivotal role in metabolism, nutrition, and the development of the immune and nervous systems. KD has gained popularity for its potential benefits in weight loss, blood sugar control, and certain neurological conditions. This narrative review sums up KD-related studies published over 30 years. While short-term studies have provided valuable insights into the effects of KD on the gut microbiota, persistent uncertainties surround its long-term efficacy and potential for inducing dysbiosis. The significant influence of KD on epigenetic mechanisms, intracellular pathways, and gut microbial composition underscores its potential as a therapeutic choice. However, a judicious consideration of the potential risks associated with the strict adherence to a low-carbohydrate, high-fat, and high-protein regimen over prolonged periods is imperative. As KDs gain popularity among the adolescent and young adult demographic for weight management, it becomes imperative to undertake additional research to comprehensively assess their impact on nutritional status and gut microbiota, ensuring a holistic and sustainable approach to medical nutrition.
Topics: Adolescent; Young Adult; Humans; Diet, Ketogenic; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid; Acetone; Carbohydrates
PubMed: 37686712
DOI: 10.3390/nu15173680 -
Food Research International (Ottawa,... Mar 2021The aim of this study was the use and revalorization of two persimmon by-products A and B generated in the juice production process. The by-product B resulting from a...
The aim of this study was the use and revalorization of two persimmon by-products A and B generated in the juice production process. The by-product B resulting from a pectinase enzymatic treatment of peels and pulp to optimize juice extraction was especially suitable for recovery of valuable bioactive carotenoids. The extraction solvents and solvent combinations used were: ethanol, acetone, ethanol/acetone (50:50 v/v) and ethanol/acetone/hexane (25:25:50 v/v/v). HPLC-DAD analysis detected and identified a total of nine individual carotenoids namely violaxanthin, neoxanthin, antheraxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin 5,6-epoxide, β-cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene. β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene represented 49.2% and 13.2% of the total carotenoid content (TCC) in the acetone extract from by-product B. TCC contributed greatly to antioxidant activity of acetone extract derived from this by-product. Pectinase enzymatic treatment of persimmon peels and pulp followed by absolute acetone extraction of carotenoids could be an efficient method to obtain a rich extract in these compounds that could be used as nutraceutical ingredient.
Topics: Carotenoids; Diospyros; Fruit; Lutein; Zeaxanthins
PubMed: 33641941
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109882 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2021Fluctuating crude oil price and global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change lead to growing demand for the production of renewable chemicals... (Review)
Review
Fluctuating crude oil price and global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change lead to growing demand for the production of renewable chemicals as petrochemical substitutes. Butanol is a nonpolar alcohol that is used in a large variety of consumer products and as an important industrial intermediate. Thus, the production of butanol from renewable resources (e.g., biomass and organic waste) has gained a great deal of attention from researchers. Although typical renewable butanol is produced via a fermentative route (i.e., acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of biomass-derived sugars), the fermentative butanol production has disadvantages such as a low yield of butanol and the formation of byproducts, such as acetone and ethanol. To avoid the drawbacks, the production of renewable butanol via non-fermentative catalytic routes has been recently proposed. This review is aimed at providing an overview on three different emerging and promising catalytic routes from biomass/organic waste-derived chemicals to butanol. The first route involves the conversion of ethanol into butanol over metal and oxide catalysts. Volatile fatty acid can be a raw chemical for the production of butanol using porous materials and metal catalysts. In addition, biomass-derived syngas can be transformed to butanol on non-noble metal catalysts promoted by alkali metals. The prospect of catalytic renewable butanol production is also discussed.
Topics: Acetone; Biomass; Butanols; Ethanol; Fermentation
PubMed: 34831504
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211749 -
Dermatology and Therapy Jan 2023
PubMed: 36350526
DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00847-2 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Dec 2022We present our design of a cross-catalytic system based on organocatalysis. The system features two organic reactions, namely a deprotection reaction of Fmoc protected...
We present our design of a cross-catalytic system based on organocatalysis. The system features two organic reactions, namely a deprotection reaction of Fmoc protected proline and a Mannich reaction between acetone and dihydroisoquinoline. The products of these two reactions, proline and a tetrahydroisoquinoline, respectively, are capable of reciprocal reaction rate enhancement. Detailed kinetic studies of the system and seeding experiments support the cross-catalytic relationship in the reaction network.
Topics: Kinetics; Catalysis; Proline; Acetone
PubMed: 36448644
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05610k -
Micromachines Dec 2021In this paper, to address the problems of large blood draws, long testing times, and the inability to achieve dynamic detection of invasive testing for diabetes,...
In this paper, to address the problems of large blood draws, long testing times, and the inability to achieve dynamic detection of invasive testing for diabetes, stemming from the principle that type 1 diabetic patients exhale significantly higher levels of acetone than normal people, a FAIMS-MEMS gas sensor was designed to detect acetone, which utilizes the characteristics of high sensitivity, fast response, and non-invasive operation. It is prepared by MEMS processes, such as photolithography, etching, and sputtering, its specific dimensions are 4000 μm in length, 3000 μm in width and 800 μm in height and the related test system was built to detect acetone gas. The test results show that when acetone below 0.8 ppm is introduced, the voltage value detected by the sensor basically does not change, while when acetone gas exceeds 1.8 ppm, the voltage value detected by the sensor increases significantly. The detection accuracy of the sensor prepared by this method is about 0.02 ppm/mV, and the voltage change can reach 1 V with a response time of 3 s and a recovery time of 4 s when tested under 20 ppm acetone environment; this has good repeatability and stability, and has great prospects in the field of non-invasive detection of type 1 diabetes.
PubMed: 34945383
DOI: 10.3390/mi12121531 -
Biosensors Jan 2021The ketogenic diet, while originally thought to treat epilepsy in children, is now used for weight loss due to increasing evidence indicating that fat is burned more... (Review)
Review
The ketogenic diet, while originally thought to treat epilepsy in children, is now used for weight loss due to increasing evidence indicating that fat is burned more rapidly when there is a low carbohydrate intake. This low carbohydrate intake can lead to elevated ketone levels in the blood and breath. Breath and blood ketones can be measured to gauge the level of ketosis and allow for adjustment of the diet to meet the user's needs. Blood ketone levels have been historically used, but now breath acetone sensors are becoming more common due to less invasiveness and convenience. New technologies are being researched in the area of acetone sensors to capitalize on the rising popularity of the diet. Current breath acetone sensors come in the form of handheld breathalyzer devices. Technologies in development mostly consist of semiconductor metal oxides in different physio-chemical formations. These current devices and future technologies are investigated here with regard to utility and efficacy. Technologies currently in development do not have extensive testing of the selectivity of the sensors including the many compounds present in human breath. While some sensors have undergone human testing, the sample sizes are very small, and the testing was not extensive. Data regarding current devices is lacking and more research needs to be done to effectively evaluate current devices if they are to have a place as medical devices. Future technologies are very promising but are still in early development stages.
Topics: Acetone; Biosensing Techniques; Breath Tests; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Ketosis; Weight Reduction Programs
PubMed: 33478049
DOI: 10.3390/bios11010026 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022This paper presents the use of cyclic voltammetry to measure acetone concentration in liquid and vapor forms at disposable screen-printed electrodes of platinum working...
This paper presents the use of cyclic voltammetry to measure acetone concentration in liquid and vapor forms at disposable screen-printed electrodes of platinum working electrode, platinum counter electrode, and silver/silver chloride reference electrode. The main characteristics of the acetone sensor including its linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and limit of detection (LOD) were studied by doing different experiments to test both liquid and vapor samples in the physiological range of 1 µM to 10 mM. The change in acetone concentration was monitored by comparing the lineshape of butterfly region before and after injecting the acetone sample in the baseline solution that contains 0.5 M HSO. The sensor was shown to have a good sensitivity, reproducibility, and a linear response with respect to the acetone concentration in both liquid and gas phases over a range of 1 µM to 10 mM with R > 0.97 and LOD of 0.1 µM. The system stability was improved by building a closed glass system to reduce the exchange of acetone with the surrounding air in an open environment. The closed system was tested using vapor samples and the error bars in the calibration curve were reduced to more than half of their values before using the closed system. The new system will be used extensively in future for an enzyme-based acetone sensor that will be used for diabetes monitoring.
Topics: Acetone; Electrodes; Gases; Limit of Detection; Platinum; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35773395
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15135-4