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Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton,... 2012Gel electrophoresis is an important methodology employed for protein analysis. It is often necessary to elute and recover proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate... (Review)
Review
Gel electrophoresis is an important methodology employed for protein analysis. It is often necessary to elute and recover proteins separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The procedure involves localizing the protein of interest on the gel following SDS-PAGE, eluting the protein from the gel, removing SDS from the eluted sample, and finally renaturing the protein (enzymes, for example) for subsequent analysis. Proteins are extracted from gels by several methods. These include dissolution of the gel matrix, passive diffusion, and electrophoretic elution. Proteins eluted from gels have been used successfully in a variety of downstream applications, including protein chemistry, proteolytic cleavage, determination of amino acid composition, polypeptide identification by trypsin digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectroscopy, as antigens for antibody production, identifying a polypeptide corresponding to an enzyme activity and other purposes. Protein yields ranging from nanogram levels to 100 μg have been obtained.
Topics: Acetone; Chemical Precipitation; Diffusion; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel; Proteins
PubMed: 22585504
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-821-4_33 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2021Fluctuating crude oil price and global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change lead to growing demand for the production of renewable chemicals... (Review)
Review
Fluctuating crude oil price and global environmental problems such as global warming and climate change lead to growing demand for the production of renewable chemicals as petrochemical substitutes. Butanol is a nonpolar alcohol that is used in a large variety of consumer products and as an important industrial intermediate. Thus, the production of butanol from renewable resources (e.g., biomass and organic waste) has gained a great deal of attention from researchers. Although typical renewable butanol is produced via a fermentative route (i.e., acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation of biomass-derived sugars), the fermentative butanol production has disadvantages such as a low yield of butanol and the formation of byproducts, such as acetone and ethanol. To avoid the drawbacks, the production of renewable butanol via non-fermentative catalytic routes has been recently proposed. This review is aimed at providing an overview on three different emerging and promising catalytic routes from biomass/organic waste-derived chemicals to butanol. The first route involves the conversion of ethanol into butanol over metal and oxide catalysts. Volatile fatty acid can be a raw chemical for the production of butanol using porous materials and metal catalysts. In addition, biomass-derived syngas can be transformed to butanol on non-noble metal catalysts promoted by alkali metals. The prospect of catalytic renewable butanol production is also discussed.
Topics: Acetone; Biomass; Butanols; Ethanol; Fermentation
PubMed: 34831504
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211749 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022This paper presents the use of cyclic voltammetry to measure acetone concentration in liquid and vapor forms at disposable screen-printed electrodes of platinum working...
This paper presents the use of cyclic voltammetry to measure acetone concentration in liquid and vapor forms at disposable screen-printed electrodes of platinum working electrode, platinum counter electrode, and silver/silver chloride reference electrode. The main characteristics of the acetone sensor including its linearity, sensitivity, reproducibility, and limit of detection (LOD) were studied by doing different experiments to test both liquid and vapor samples in the physiological range of 1 µM to 10 mM. The change in acetone concentration was monitored by comparing the lineshape of butterfly region before and after injecting the acetone sample in the baseline solution that contains 0.5 M HSO. The sensor was shown to have a good sensitivity, reproducibility, and a linear response with respect to the acetone concentration in both liquid and gas phases over a range of 1 µM to 10 mM with R > 0.97 and LOD of 0.1 µM. The system stability was improved by building a closed glass system to reduce the exchange of acetone with the surrounding air in an open environment. The closed system was tested using vapor samples and the error bars in the calibration curve were reduced to more than half of their values before using the closed system. The new system will be used extensively in future for an enzyme-based acetone sensor that will be used for diabetes monitoring.
Topics: Acetone; Electrodes; Gases; Limit of Detection; Platinum; Reproducibility of Results
PubMed: 35773395
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15135-4 -
Chemical Communications (Cambridge,... Dec 2022We present our design of a cross-catalytic system based on organocatalysis. The system features two organic reactions, namely a deprotection reaction of Fmoc protected...
We present our design of a cross-catalytic system based on organocatalysis. The system features two organic reactions, namely a deprotection reaction of Fmoc protected proline and a Mannich reaction between acetone and dihydroisoquinoline. The products of these two reactions, proline and a tetrahydroisoquinoline, respectively, are capable of reciprocal reaction rate enhancement. Detailed kinetic studies of the system and seeding experiments support the cross-catalytic relationship in the reaction network.
Topics: Kinetics; Catalysis; Proline; Acetone
PubMed: 36448644
DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05610k -
Epilepsia Nov 2008Recent interest in the anticonvulsant effects of acetone has stemmed from studies related to the ketogenic diet (KD). The KD, a high-fat diet used to treat... (Review)
Review
Recent interest in the anticonvulsant effects of acetone has stemmed from studies related to the ketogenic diet (KD). The KD, a high-fat diet used to treat drug-resistant seizures, raises blood and brain levels of three ketones: beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and acetone. An obvious question is whether these ketones have anticonvulsant properties. We found that neither beta-hydroxybutyrate nor acetoacetate has proven to be anticonvulsant. Acetone, however, is clearly anticonvulsant at physiological, and near-physiological, nontoxic concentrations. Despite knowledge of acetone's anticonvulsant properties since the 1930's, acetone had never been characterized using the standard animal seizure tests. In our recent experiments, acetone was found to be active in animal models of tonic-clonic seizures, typical absence seizures, complex partial seizures, and atypical absence seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Therapeutic indices are either comparable or better than that of valproate, a standard broad-spectrum anticonvulsant. A number of acetone-like molecules have also been tested, and these also show good potency up to a "cutoff" point of nine carbons contained in the side chain. Above this number, potency disappears, suggesting the possibility of a receptor for acetone and its analogs.
Topics: Acetone; Animals; Anticonvulsants; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Ketone Bodies; Seizures
PubMed: 19049597
DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2008.01844.x -
PloS One 2022In this study, two different feeds were treated to produce hydrocarbons: (1) reagent-grade acetone, and (2) mixed ketones obtained from lignocellulosic biomass via the...
In this study, two different feeds were treated to produce hydrocarbons: (1) reagent-grade acetone, and (2) mixed ketones obtained from lignocellulosic biomass via the carboxylate platform. Acetone and mixed ketones underwent catalytic self-condensation over HZSM-5. For acetone, HZSM-5(80) was used, and the experiments were conducted in two sets: (1) vary temperature (305-415°C) at P = 101 kPa (abs) and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV) = 1.3 h-1; (2) vary WHSV (1.3-7.9 h-1) at T = 350 and 415°C, and P = 101 kPa (abs). For acetone over HZSM-5(280), the experiments were conducted in two sets: (1) vary WHSV (1.3-6.5 h-1) at T = 415°C, and P = 101 kPa (abs); and (2) vary WHSV (1.3-11.8 h-1) at P = 790 kPa (abs) and T = 415°C. For mixed ketones, HZSM-5(280) was used at WHSV = 1.9 h-1, T = 430-590°C, and P = 101 kPa (abs). For acetone at higher temperatures, the conversion was 100% and the liquid products were aromatics centered on C8. At low temperatures, conversion was less and the carbon liquid distribution was centered on C9 (mainly mesitylene). For mixed ketones, catalyst deactivation was higher causing product concentrations to change over time, and the highest conversion reached was 40%.
Topics: Acetone; Ketones; Hydrocarbons; Catalysis; Biomass
PubMed: 36409721
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277184 -
Biosensors Jan 2021The ketogenic diet, while originally thought to treat epilepsy in children, is now used for weight loss due to increasing evidence indicating that fat is burned more... (Review)
Review
The ketogenic diet, while originally thought to treat epilepsy in children, is now used for weight loss due to increasing evidence indicating that fat is burned more rapidly when there is a low carbohydrate intake. This low carbohydrate intake can lead to elevated ketone levels in the blood and breath. Breath and blood ketones can be measured to gauge the level of ketosis and allow for adjustment of the diet to meet the user's needs. Blood ketone levels have been historically used, but now breath acetone sensors are becoming more common due to less invasiveness and convenience. New technologies are being researched in the area of acetone sensors to capitalize on the rising popularity of the diet. Current breath acetone sensors come in the form of handheld breathalyzer devices. Technologies in development mostly consist of semiconductor metal oxides in different physio-chemical formations. These current devices and future technologies are investigated here with regard to utility and efficacy. Technologies currently in development do not have extensive testing of the selectivity of the sensors including the many compounds present in human breath. While some sensors have undergone human testing, the sample sizes are very small, and the testing was not extensive. Data regarding current devices is lacking and more research needs to be done to effectively evaluate current devices if they are to have a place as medical devices. Future technologies are very promising but are still in early development stages.
Topics: Acetone; Biosensing Techniques; Breath Tests; Diet, Ketogenic; Humans; Ketosis; Weight Reduction Programs
PubMed: 33478049
DOI: 10.3390/bios11010026 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Mar 2010Acetone and its metabolite isopropanol are produced by gut microbes as well as by the host's metabolism. To evaluate the production of acetone and isopropanol in...
Acetone and its metabolite isopropanol are produced by gut microbes as well as by the host's metabolism. To evaluate the production of acetone and isopropanol in alimentary tracts, a total of 80 pair-samples of feces and ruminal fluid were taken in lactating dairy cows that had been fed silage-containing diets. Acetone and isopropanol were analyzed, together with ethanol and volatile fatty acids (VFAs). Isopropanol was detected in 57 fecal and all the ruminal samples; however, the ruminal isopropanol and ethanol concentrations were distinctly lower than those in the feces. Acetone was detected in 13 fecal and 53 ruminal samples; however, there was no significant difference in acetone concentrations between the feces and the ruminal fluid. The group with higher fecal isopropanol concentration showed higher fecal proportions of acetate accompanied by low proportion of minor VFA, which consisted of isobutyrate and iso- and n-valerate. In the group with higher ruminal isopropanol concentration, ethanol concentration was higher; the ruminal VFA profiles showed only a negligible difference. Fecal and ruminal ethanol concentrations were not affected by feed ethanol. Thus, the colon showed an accelerated alcoholic fermentation compared with the rumen of dairy cows; however, acetone was present at higher frequency in the rumen than in the feces.
Topics: 2-Propanol; Acetone; Animals; Cattle; Feces; Female; Fermentation; Lactation; Milk; Rumen
PubMed: 19959888
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0227 -
Biotechnology Progress May 2017The production of biobutanol is hindered by the product's toxicity to the bacteria, which limits the productivity of the process. In situ product recovery of butanol can... (Review)
Review
The production of biobutanol is hindered by the product's toxicity to the bacteria, which limits the productivity of the process. In situ product recovery of butanol can improve the productivity by removing the source of inhibition. This paper reviews in situ product recovery techniques applied to the acetone butanol ethanol fermentation in a stirred tank reactor. Methods of in situ recovery include gas stripping, vacuum fermentation, pervaporation, liquid-liquid extraction, perstraction, and adsorption, all of which have been investigated for the acetone, butanol, and ethanol fermentation. All techniques have shown an improvement in substrate utilization, yield, productivity or both. Different fermentation modes favored different techniques. For batch processing gas stripping and pervaporation were most favorable, but in fed-batch fermentations gas stripping and adsorption were most promising. During continuous processing perstraction appeared to offer the best improvement. The use of hybrid techniques can increase the final product concentration beyond that of single-stage techniques. Therefore, the selection of an in situ product recovery technique would require comparable information on the energy demand and economics of the process. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:563-579, 2017.
Topics: Acetone; Biotechnology; Butanols; Ethanol; Fermentation
PubMed: 28188696
DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2446 -
Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Dec 2015Endogenous acetone production is a by-product of the fat metabolism process. Because of its small size, acetone appears in exhaled breath. Historically, endogenous... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Endogenous acetone production is a by-product of the fat metabolism process. Because of its small size, acetone appears in exhaled breath. Historically, endogenous acetone has been measured in exhaled breath to monitor ketosis in healthy and diabetic subjects. Recently, breath acetone concentration (BrAce) has been shown to correlate with the rate of fat loss in healthy individuals. In this review, the measurement of breath acetone in healthy subjects is evaluated for its utility in predicting fat loss and its sensitivity to changes in physiologic parameters.
RESULTS
BrAce can range from 1 ppm in healthy non-dieting subjects to 1,250 ppm in diabetic ketoacidosis. A strong correlation exists between increased BrAce and the rate of fat loss. Multiple metabolic and respiratory factors affect the measurement of BrAce. BrAce is most affected by changes in the following factors (in descending order): dietary macronutrient composition, caloric restriction, exercise, pulmonary factors, and other assorted factors that increase fat metabolism or inhibit acetone metabolism. Pulmonary factors affecting acetone exchange in the lung should be controlled to optimize the breath sample for measurement.
CONCLUSIONS
When biologic factors are controlled, BrAce measurement provides a non-invasive tool for monitoring the rate of fat loss in healthy subjects.
Topics: Acetone; Adipose Tissue; Breath Tests; Caloric Restriction; Diabetes Mellitus; Diabetic Ketoacidosis; Exhalation; Fasting; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Monitoring, Physiologic; Weight Loss
PubMed: 26524104
DOI: 10.1002/oby.21242