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Viruses Mar 2023Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral... (Review)
Review
Viruses account for 80% of all cases of acute conjunctivitis and adenovirus; enterovirus and herpes virus are the common causative agents. In general, viral conjunctivitis spreads easily. Therefore, to control the spread, it is crucial to quickly diagnose illnesses, strictly implement hand washing laws, and sanitize surfaces. Swelling of the lid margin and ciliary injection are subjective symptoms, and eye discharge is frequently serofibrinous. Preauricular lymph node swelling can occasionally occur. Approximately 80% of cases of viral conjunctivitis are caused by adenoviruses. Adenoviral conjunctivitis may become a big global concern and may cause a pandemic. Diagnosis of herpes simplex viral conjunctivitis is crucial for using corticosteroid eye solution as a treatment for adenovirus conjunctivitis. Although specific treatments are not always accessible, early diagnosis of viral conjunctivitis may help to alleviate short-term symptoms and avoid long-term consequences.
Topics: Humans; Conjunctivitis, Viral; Conjunctivitis; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenoviridae; Simplexvirus; Keratitis, Herpetic; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human
PubMed: 36992385
DOI: 10.3390/v15030676 -
Viruses Dec 2021Gene therapy is currently in the public spotlight. Several gene therapy products, including oncolytic virus (OV), which predominantly replicates in and kills cancer... (Review)
Review
Gene therapy is currently in the public spotlight. Several gene therapy products, including oncolytic virus (OV), which predominantly replicates in and kills cancer cells, and COVID-19 vaccines have recently been commercialized. Recombinant adenoviruses, including replication-defective adenoviral vector and conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRA; oncolytic adenovirus), have been extensively studied and used in clinical trials for cancer and vaccines. Here, we review the biology of wild-type adenoviruses, the methodological principle for constructing recombinant adenoviruses, therapeutic applications of recombinant adenoviruses, and new technologies in pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based regenerative medicine. Moreover, this article describes the technology platform for efficient construction of diverse "CRAs that can specifically target tumors with multiple factors" (m-CRAs). This technology allows for modification of four parts in the adenoviral E1 region and the subsequent insertion of a therapeutic gene and promoter to enhance cancer-specific viral replication (i.e., safety) as well as therapeutic effects. The screening study using the m-CRA technology successfully identified survivin-responsive m-CRA (Surv.m-CRA) as among the best m-CRAs, and clinical trials of Surv.m-CRA are underway for patients with cancer. This article also describes new recombinant adenovirus-based technologies for solving issues in PSC-based regenerative medicine.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; COVID-19; COVID-19 Vaccines; Cell Line, Tumor; Gene Expression; Genetic Therapy; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Immunotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Promoter Regions, Genetic; SARS-CoV-2; Survivin; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34960772
DOI: 10.3390/v13122502 -
Viruses Feb 2021Adenoviruses have served as a model for investigating viral-cell interactions and discovering different cellular processes, such as RNA splicing and DNA replication. In... (Review)
Review
Adenoviruses have served as a model for investigating viral-cell interactions and discovering different cellular processes, such as RNA splicing and DNA replication. In addition, the development and evaluation of adenoviruses as the viral vectors for vaccination and gene therapy has led to detailed investigations about adenovirus biology, including the structure and function of the adenovirus encoded proteins. While the determination of the structure and function of the viral capsid proteins in adenovirus biology has been the subject of numerous reports, the last few years have seen increased interest in elucidating the structure and function of the adenovirus core proteins. Here, we provide a review of research about the structure and function of the adenovirus core proteins in adenovirus biology.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Capsid Proteins; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Humans; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33671079
DOI: 10.3390/v13030388 -
Transplantation May 2022Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although...
Adenoviruses result in a wide array of clinical presentations, including primarily respiratory, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or systemic infections. Although adenovirus causes mild disease limited to a single organ system in immunocompetent individuals, severe and life-threatening infections do rarely occur. Disseminated disease and severe localized disease resulting in significant morbidity and mortality have been well described in the immunocompromised populations. Although asymptomatic viremia, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal infections are the most common disease in most transplant patients, renal transplant patients more commonly experience urinary tract infections, including hemorrhagic cystitis or nephritis. Diagnosis requires astute clinical awareness of the patient's clinical presentation that would be compatible with adenovirus combined with cultures, molecular testing, polymerase chain reaction, and tissue sampling. There is no Food and Drug Administration-approved treatment for adenovirus; however, several studies have evaluated therapeutic options including cidofovir, brincidofovir, and immunotherapy. This article will summarize our current understanding of adenovirus in the transplant population.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Kidney Transplantation; Viremia
PubMed: 34856601
DOI: 10.1097/TP.0000000000003988 -
Biomedical Journal Feb 2022Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most... (Review)
Review
Human adenoviruses can cause infections at any age but most commonly in pediatric population, especially in young children and infants. By the time of 10 years old, most children have had at least one episode of adenovirus infection. Adenoviruses can cause many symptoms similar to common cold, including rhinorrhea, fever, cough, and sore throat. Lower respiratory infections such as bronchitis, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia can be severe and even fatal. Other diseases such as conjunctivitis, gastroenteritis, cystitis, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, and meningoencephalitis can also be associated with adenovirus infections. A variety of recent advancement of structural and molecular biology methods have revamped the taxonomy of adenoviruses and furthered our understanding of the diversity of related clinical diseases. Because of the wide spectrum and complexity of diseases associated with human adenovirus infections, the scope of this review is limited to basic virology and epidemiology of adenoviruses with a main focus on the clinico-pathologic correlation. Clinical manifestations and pathology of any infectious disease are always related; therefore, it is logical to review clinico-pathologic correlation within the specific disease entity caused by adenoviruses to better understand this common viral infection in pediatric population.
Topics: Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human; Child; Child, Preschool; Cough; Fever; Humans; Infant; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 34506970
DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2021.08.009 -
FEBS Letters Dec 2019Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The... (Review)
Review
Incoming adenoviruses seize control of cytosolic transport mechanisms to relocate their genome from the cell periphery to specialized sites in the nucleoplasm. The nucleus is the site for viral gene expression, genome replication, and the production of progeny for the next round of infection. By taking control of the cell, adenoviruses also suppress cell-autonomous immunity responses. To succeed in their production cycle, adenoviruses rely on well-coordinated steps, facilitated by interactions between viral proteins and cellular factors. Interactions between virus and host can impose remarkable morphological changes in the infected cell. Imaging adenoviruses has tremendously influenced how we delineate individual steps in the viral life cycle, because it allowed the development of specific optical markers to label these morphological changes in space and time. As technology advances, innovative imaging techniques and novel tools for specimen labeling keep uncovering previously unseen facets of adenovirus biology emphasizing why imaging adenoviruses is as attractive today as it was in the past. This review will summarize past achievements and present developments in adenovirus imaging centered on fluorescence microscopy approaches.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Cell Nucleus; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Microscopy, Atomic Force; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31758703
DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13690 -
Viruses Jun 2020The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting... (Review)
Review
The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is a small, nonpathogenic parvovirus, which depends on helper factors to replicate. Those helper factors can be provided by coinfecting helper viruses such as adenoviruses, herpesviruses, or papillomaviruses. We review the basic biology of AAV and its most-studied helper viruses, adenovirus type 5 (AdV5) and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). We further outline the direct and indirect interactions of AAV with those and additional helper viruses.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Coinfection; Dependovirus; Helper Viruses; Herpesvirus 1, Human; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Viral Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32575422
DOI: 10.3390/v12060662 -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Aug 2022Outbreaks of severe, acute hepatitis among children have recently attracted global attention. The pathogen causing the outbreak remains unknown, but there is growing... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Outbreaks of severe, acute hepatitis among children have recently attracted global attention. The pathogen causing the outbreak remains unknown, but there is growing evidence that it may be associated with human adenovirus (HAdV).
DATA SOURCES
A review of adenovirus-related clinical studies, epidemiological studies, etiological studies, and case reports was conducted by reviewers independently.
RESULTS
HAdV can cause a wide variety of clinical symptoms. In the Mainland of China, HAdV infection accounts for 5.8%-13% of patients with acute respiratory infections, and these infections are mainly caused by species B, C, and E of HAdV. For acute conjunctivitis, 39.8%-74.9% of sporadic cases were infected by B and D species of HAdV. Outbreaks of keratoconjunctivitis and pharyngoconjunctival fever related to HAdV infection could be found throughout the country. In pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis, HAdV-41 was the predominant HAdV type, followed by HAdV species B and C. Several types of HAdV, including HAdV-5, HAdV-7, HAdV-1, and HAdV-2, have previously been reported as potential pathogens associated with HAdV hepatitis in immunocompromised patients. However, few HAdV-related hepatitis cases have been reported in China to date.
CONCLUSIONS
There are no systematic surveillance and clinical studies on HAdV hepatitis in China. Therefore, it is imperative to establish a nationwide HAdV virological surveillance system to collect relevant clinical, epidemiological and virological surveillance data and risk factor information as soon as possible to assess the potential risk of HAdV hepatitis among children.
Topics: Acute Disease; Adenoviridae Infections; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Child; China; Humans; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 35716276
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00568-8 -
Oncoimmunology 2022Resistance remains an obstacle to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy in human cancer. One critical resistance mechanism is the lack of T cell chemotaxis...
Resistance remains an obstacle to anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy in human cancer. One critical resistance mechanism is the lack of T cell chemotaxis in the tumor microenvironment (TME). CXCL10-CXCR3 signaling is required for T cell tumor infiltration and tumor immunotherapy. Oncolytic viruses (OVs), including oncolytic adenoviruses (AdVs), induce effective T cell immunity and tumor infiltration. Thus, arming OV with CXCL10 would be an attractive strategy to overcome resistance to anti-PD1 therapy. Here, we successfully constructed a novel recombinant oncolytic adenovirus encoding murine CXCL10, named Adv-CXCL10. Through intratumoural injection, the continuous expression of the functional chemokine CXCL10 in the TME is realized to recruit more CXCR3 T cells into the TME to kill tumor cells, and the recombinant adenovirus shows great power to 'fire up' the TME and enhance the antitumour efficiency of PD-1 antibodies.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Adenoviridae Infections; Animals; Chemokine CXCL10; Chemotaxis; Humans; Mice; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Viruses; Rhabdomyosarcoma, Alveolar; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36092638
DOI: 10.1080/2162402X.2022.2118210 -
The New England Journal of Medicine Aug 2022Human adenoviruses typically cause self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and conjunctival infections in healthy children. In late 2021 and early 2022, several...
BACKGROUND
Human adenoviruses typically cause self-limited respiratory, gastrointestinal, and conjunctival infections in healthy children. In late 2021 and early 2022, several previously healthy children were identified with acute hepatitis and human adenovirus viremia.
METHODS
We used , codes to identify all children (<18 years of age) with hepatitis who were admitted to Children's of Alabama hospital between October 1, 2021, and February 28, 2022; those with acute hepatitis who also tested positive for human adenovirus by whole-blood quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were included in our case series. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and treatment data were obtained from medical records. Residual blood specimens were sent for diagnostic confirmation and human adenovirus typing.
RESULTS
A total of 15 children were identified with acute hepatitis - 6 (40%) who had hepatitis with an identified cause and 9 (60%) who had hepatitis without a known cause. Eight (89%) of the patients with hepatitis of unknown cause tested positive for human adenovirus. These 8 patients plus 1 additional patient referred to this facility for follow-up were included in this case series (median age, 2 years 11 months; age range, 1 year 1 month to 6 years 5 months). Liver biopsies indicated mild-to-moderate active hepatitis in 6 children, some with and some without cholestasis, but did not show evidence of human adenovirus on immunohistochemical examination or electron microscopy. PCR testing of liver tissue for human adenovirus was positive in 3 children (50%). Sequencing of specimens from 5 children showed three distinct human adenovirus type 41 hexon variants. Two children underwent liver transplantation; all the others recovered with supportive care.
CONCLUSIONS
Human adenovirus viremia was present in the majority of children with acute hepatitis of unknown cause admitted to Children's of Alabama from October 1, 2021, to February 28, 2022, but whether human adenovirus was causative remains unclear. Sequencing results suggest that if human adenovirus was causative, this was not an outbreak driven by a single strain. (Funded in part by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.).
Topics: Acute Disease; Adenovirus Infections, Human; Adenoviruses, Human; Child; Child, Preschool; Hepatitis; Humans; Infant; Viremia
PubMed: 35830653
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2206294