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The Veterinary Quarterly Dec 2022Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose... (Review)
Review
Fish and aquatic-derived zoonotic diseases have caused considerable problems in the aquaculture industry and fishery worldwide. In particular, zoonotic diseases can pose widespread threats to humans. With the world's growing population and potential global trade of aquaculture and fish, the risk of environmental contamination and development of fish and aquatic-derived zoonoses in humans are increasing. The important causes of zoonoses include bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. The zoonotic bacterial agents are divided into two main groups: Gram-positive (, , families) and Gram-negative (, , , , and families). The premier parasitic agents include cestodes (tapeworm; e.g. spp.), trematodes (fluke; e.g. spp.), and nematodes (round worm; e.g. spp.). In addition, protozoan organisms such as spp. are also considered fish-derived zoonotic pathogens. Two groups of fish-associated fungi causing basidiobolomycosis and sporotrichosis also pose a zoonotic risk for humans. The majority of the fish-derived zoonotic diseases are transmitted to humans mainly via the consumption of improperly cooked or raw fish or fish products. Therefore, the incidence of zoonotic diseases can be reduced by properly processing fish and fish products, e.g. by thermal (heat/freezing) treatment. The prevalence of zoonotic agents in fishes varies seasonally and should be regularly monitored to evaluate the prevalence of pathogens in both wild and cultured fish populations. This review focuses on the fish zoonotic agents/diseases and their control and prevention.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Cryptosporidiosis; Cryptosporidium; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Zoonoses
PubMed: 35635057
DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2080298 -
Microorganisms Jan 2020The genus belongs to the family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in... (Review)
Review
The genus belongs to the family and comprises a group of Gram-negative bacteria widely distributed in aquatic environments, with some species able to cause disease in humans, fish, and other aquatic animals. However, bacteria of this genus are isolated from many other habitats, environments, and food products. The taxonomy of this genus is complex when phenotypic identification methods are used because such methods might not correctly identify all the species. On the other hand, molecular methods have proven very reliable, such as using the sequences of concatenated housekeeping genes like and or comparing the genomes with the type strains using a genomic index, such as the average nucleotide identity (ANI) or DNA-DNA hybridization (DDH). So far, 36 species have been described in the genus of which at least 19 are considered emerging pathogens to humans, causing a broad spectrum of infections. Having said that, when classifying 1852 strains that have been reported in various recent clinical cases, 95.4% were identified as only four species: (37.26%), (23.49%), (21.54%), and (13.07%). Since aeromonads were first associated with human disease, gastroenteritis, bacteremia, and wound infections have dominated. The literature shows that the pathogenic potential of is considered multifactorial and the presence of several virulence factors allows these bacteria to adhere, invade, and destroy the host cells, overcoming the immune host response. Based on current information about the ecology, epidemiology, and pathogenicity of the genus , we should assume that the infections these bacteria produce will remain a great health problem in the future. The ubiquitous distribution of these bacteria and the increasing elderly population, to whom these bacteria are an opportunistic pathogen, will facilitate this problem. In addition, using data from outbreak studies, it has been recognized that in cases of diarrhea, the infective dose of is relatively low. These poorly known bacteria should therefore be considered similarly as enteropathogens like and .
PubMed: 31963469
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010129 -
Marine Drugs Nov 2021spp. are generally found in aquatic environments, although they have also been isolated from both fresh and processed food. These Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria are... (Review)
Review
spp. are generally found in aquatic environments, although they have also been isolated from both fresh and processed food. These Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacteria are mostly infective to poikilothermic animals, although they are also considered opportunistic pathogens of both aquatic and terrestrial homeotherms, and some species have been associated with gastrointestinal and extraintestinal septicemic infections in humans. Among the different pathogenic factors associated with virulence, several cell-surface glucans have been shown to contribute to colonization and survival of pathogenic strains, in different hosts. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), capsule and α-glucan structures, for instance, have been shown to play important roles in bacterial-host interactions related to pathogenesis, such as adherence, biofilm formation, or immune evasion. In addition, glycosylation of both polar and lateral flagella has been shown to be mandatory for flagella production and motility in different strains, and has also been associated with increased bacterial adhesion, biofilm formation, and induction of the host proinflammatory response. The main aspects of these structures are covered in this review.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Aquatic Organisms; Bacterial Adhesion; Glucans; Humans
PubMed: 34822520
DOI: 10.3390/md19110649 -
Microbiology (Reading, England) Jun 2021
Topics: Aeromonas salmonicida; Animals; Bacteriophage lambda; Biological Evolution; Cell Membrane; Editorial Policies; Escherichia coli; Fish Diseases; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus
PubMed: 34100696
DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001069 -
RNA (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2023Unique chemical and physical properties are introduced by inserting selenocysteine (Sec) at specific sites within proteins. Recombinant and facile production of...
Unique chemical and physical properties are introduced by inserting selenocysteine (Sec) at specific sites within proteins. Recombinant and facile production of eukaryotic selenoproteins would benefit from a yeast expression system; however, the selenoprotein biosynthetic pathway was lost in the evolution of the kingdom Fungi as it diverged from its eukaryotic relatives. Based on our previous development of efficient selenoprotein production in bacteria, we designed a novel Sec biosynthesis pathway in using translation components. tRNA was mutated to resemble tRNA to allow recognition by seryl-tRNA synthetase as well as selenocysteine synthase (SelA) and selenophosphate synthetase (SelD). Expression of these Sec pathway components was then combined with metabolic engineering of yeast to enable the production of active methionine sulfate reductase enzyme containing genetically encoded Sec. Our report is the first demonstration that yeast is capable of selenoprotein production by site-specific incorporation of Sec.
Topics: Codon, Terminator; Saccharomyces cerevisiae; Aeromonas salmonicida; Protein Engineering; RNA, Transfer, Cys; Humans; Nucleic Acid Conformation
PubMed: 37279998
DOI: 10.1261/rna.079658.123 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jun 2021The increase in the use of antimicrobials such as colistin for the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the appearance of strains resistant to this drug.... (Review)
Review
The increase in the use of antimicrobials such as colistin for the treatment of infectious diseases has led to the appearance of strains resistant to this drug. However, resistance to colistin not only occurs in the clinical area but has also been determined in isolates from the environment or animals, which has been determined by the detection of genes that confer a resistance mechanism to colistin. The variants , , and have been detected in the genus in animal, environmental, and human fluids samples. In this article, an overview of the resistance to colistin in is shown, as well as the generalities of this molecule and the recommended methods to determine colistin resistance to be used in some of the genus .
Topics: Aeromonas; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacterial Proteins; Colistin; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Plasmids
PubMed: 34205867
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115974 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jan 2023Aeromonas spp. are widely distributed in surface water, sewage, untreated and chlorinated, drinking water, as well as meats, fish, shellfish, poultry, and their... (Review)
Review
Aeromonas spp. are widely distributed in surface water, sewage, untreated and chlorinated, drinking water, as well as meats, fish, shellfish, poultry, and their products. A disease caused by Aeromonas spp. is designated as aeromoniasis. It can affect different aquatic animals, mammals, and birds in different geographic regions. Moreover, gastrointestinal and extra-intestinal disease conditions may be provoked in humans as a result of food poising with Aeromonas spp. Some Aeromonas spp. have been identified, however, Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila), A. caviae, and A. veronii bv sobria may be of public health significance. Aeromonas spp. are members of family Aeromonadaceae and genus Aeromonas. They are Gram-negative rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, and oxidase and catalase-positive bacteria. The pathogenicity of Aeromonas in different hosts is mediated by several virulence factors such as endotoxins, cytotoxic enterotoxin, cytotoxins, hemolysins, adhesins, and extracellular enzymes such as proteases, amylases, lipases, ADP-ribosyltransferases, and DNases. Most avian species are susceptible to either natural or experimental infections with Aeromonas spp. Infection usually arises through feacal-oral route. Traveler's diarrhea as well as other systemic and local infections are the clinical picture of food poisoning associated with aeromoniasis in humans. Despite Aeromonas spp. being sensitive to various antimicrobials, multiple drug resistance has been commonly reported worldwide. Accordingly, this review highlights aeromoniasis in poultry regarding Aeromonas virulence factors epidemiology, pathogenicity, zoonosis, and antimicrobial resistance.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Diarrhea; Poultry; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Travel; Bacterial Infections; Aeromonas; Virulence Factors; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Mammals
PubMed: 36795920
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.17186 -
The ISME Journal Oct 2019The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious human health threat. While a range of environments have been identified as reservoirs of...
The rapid spread of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens is a serious human health threat. While a range of environments have been identified as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), we lack understanding of the origins of these ARGs and their spread from environment to clinic. This is partly due to our inability to identify the natural bacterial hosts of ARGs and the mobile genetic elements that mediate this spread, such as plasmids and integrons. Here we demonstrate that the in vivo proximity-ligation method Hi-C can reconstruct a known plasmid-host association from a wastewater community, and identify the in situ host range of ARGs, plasmids, and integrons by physically linking them to their host chromosomes. Hi-C detected both previously known and novel associations between ARGs, mobile genetic elements and host genomes, thus validating this method. We showed that IncQ plasmids and class 1 integrons had the broadest host range in this wastewater, and identified bacteria belonging to Moraxellaceae, Bacteroides, and Prevotella, and especially Aeromonadaceae as the most likely reservoirs of ARGs in this community. A better identification of the natural carriers of ARGs will aid the development of strategies to limit resistance spread to pathogens.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria; Bacterial Infections; Bacterial Proteins; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Humans; Integrons; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Wastewater
PubMed: 31147603
DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0446-4 -
International Journal of Environmental... Dec 2022Fermented foods play an important role in the human diet and particularly so in under-resourced environments where cold preservation is not attainable due to irregular...
Fermented foods play an important role in the human diet and particularly so in under-resourced environments where cold preservation is not attainable due to irregular supply of electricity. Fermented foods are reported to support gut health by contributing probiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate the microbial diversity and metabolic potential of spontaneous millet fermentation. The literature in the field was reviewed and analyses were conducted on publicly available Sequence Read Archive (SRA) datasets. Quality analysis was performed with FastQC, and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were generated using Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME2) and Divisive Amplicon Denoising Algorithm (DADA2) pipelines with Greengenes as the reference database. Metagenomics and pathways analysis were performed with Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt2). Statistical analysis and visualization were accomplished with Statistical Analysis of Metagenomic Profiles (STAMP). At the family taxonomic level, there were differences in the relative abundances of the dominant taxa of bacteria that are involved in the spontaneous fermentation of millet namely , , , , and . was the dominant family in one dataset. The incidence of and suggest the probiotic characteristics of fermented millet. The datasets were collected with fermentations that were mediated by autochthonous microorganisms and the presence of some potential pathogens such as , , , , , and which suggest the need for standardization of fermentation approaches. The genomes show the potential to synthesize metabolites such as essential amino acids and vitamins, suggesting that the respective fermented foods can be further optimized to enhance nutritional benefits.
Topics: Humans; Fermentation; Micronutrients; Phylogeny; Bacteria; Microbiota; Edible Grain; Trace Elements
PubMed: 36554499
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416621 -
Microbiology Spectrum Aug 2022Mobile genetic elements contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria by enabling the horizontal transfer of acquired antibiotic resistance...
Mobile genetic elements contribute to the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant bacteria by enabling the horizontal transfer of acquired antibiotic resistance among different bacterial species and genera. This study characterizes the genetic backbone of in spp. and Klebsiella spp. isolated from untreated hospital effluents. Plasmids ranging in size from 9 to 244 kb, sequenced using Illumina and Nanopore platforms, revealed representatives of plasmid incompatibility groups IncP6, IncQ1, IncL/M1, IncFII, and IncFII-FIA. Different GES enzymes (GES-1, GES-7, and GES-16) were located in novel class 1 integrons in spp. and GES-5 in previously reported class 1 integrons in Klebsiella spp. Furthermore, in Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, was found in tandem as a coding sequence that disrupted the 3' conserved segment (CS). In Klebsiella grimontii, was observed in two different plasmids, and one of them carried multiple IncF replicons. Three Aeromonas caviae isolates presented , one Aeromonas veronii isolate presented , and another A. veronii isolate presented . Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed novel sequence types for and Klebsiella species. The current findings highlight the large genetic diversity of these species, emphasizing their great adaptability to the environment. The results also indicate a public health risk because these antimicrobial-resistant genes have the potential to reach wastewater treatment plants and larger water bodies. Considering that they are major interfaces between humans and the environment, they could spread throughout the community to clinical settings. In the "One Health" approach, which encompasses human, animal, and environmental health, emerging issues of antimicrobial resistance are associated with hospital effluents that contain clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria along with a wide range of antibiotic concentrations, and lack regulatory status for mandatory prior and effective treatment. genes have been reported in aquatic environments despite the low detection of these genes among clinical isolates within the studied hospitals. Carbapenemase enzymes, which are relatively unusual globally, such as GES type inserted into new integrons on plasmids, are worrisome. Notably, K. grimontii, a newly identified species, carried two plasmids with , and K. quasipneumoniae carried two copies of at the same plasmid. These kinds of plasmids are primarily responsible for multidrug resistance among bacteria in both clinical and natural environments, and they harbor resistant genes against antibiotics of key importance in clinical therapy, possibly leading to a public health problem of large proportion.
Topics: Aeromonas; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Genetic Variation; Hospitals; Humans; Klebsiella pneumoniae; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Multilocus Sequence Typing; Plasmids; beta-Lactamases
PubMed: 35880869
DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02469-21