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PloS One 2020Cholera remains a major global public health threat and continuous emergence of new Vibrio cholerae strains is of major concern. We conducted a molecular epidemiological...
Cholera remains a major global public health threat and continuous emergence of new Vibrio cholerae strains is of major concern. We conducted a molecular epidemiological study to detect virulence markers and antimicrobial resistance patterns of V. cholerae isolates obtained from the 2012-2015 cholera outbreaks in Ghana. Archived clinical isolates obtained from the 2012, 2014 and 2015 cholera outbreaks in Ghana were revived by culture and subjected to microscopy, biochemical identification, serotyping, antibiotic susceptibility testing, molecular detection of distinct virulence factors and Multi-Locus Variable-Number of Tandem-Repeat Analysis (MLVA). Of 277 isolates analysed, 168 (60.6%) were confirmed to be V. cholerae and 109 (39.4%) isolates constituted other bacteria (Escherichia coli, Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterococci faecalis). Serotyping the V. cholerae isolates identified 151 (89.9%) as Ogawa, 3 (1.8%) as Inaba and 14 (8.3%) as non-O1/O139 serogroup. The O1 serogroup isolates (154/168, 91.7%) carried the cholera toxin ctxB gene as detected by PCR. Additional virulence genes detected include zot, tcpA, ace, rtxC, toxR, rtxA, tcpP, hlyA and tagA. The most common and rare virulence factors detected among the isolates were rtxC (165 isolates) and tcpP (50 isolates) respectively. All isolates from 2014 and 2015 were multidrug resistant against the selected antibiotics. MLVA differentiated the isolates into 2 large unique clones A and B, with each predominating in a particular year. Spatial analysis showed clustering of most isolates at Ablekuma sub-district. Identification of several virulence genes among the two different genotypes of V. cholerae isolates and resistance to first- and second-line antibiotics, calls for scaleup of preventive strategies to reduce transmission, and strengthening of public health laboratories for rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing to guide accurate treatment. Our findings support the current WHO licensed cholera vaccines which include both O1 Inaba and Ogawa serotypes.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cholera; Cholera Toxin; Disease Outbreaks; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial; Ghana; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Phylogeny; Serogroup; Tandem Repeat Sequences; Vibrio cholerae; Virulence
PubMed: 32649692
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236016 -
The Brazilian Journal of Infectious... 2022
Topics: Aeromonas; Aneurysm, Infected; Aortitis; Bacteremia; Humans; Soft Tissue Infections
PubMed: 36037846
DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2022.102699 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin were determined in Yellow River carp () reared at 20°C after single oral administration of enrofloxacin at...
The pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of enrofloxacin were determined in Yellow River carp () reared at 20°C after single oral administration of enrofloxacin at 10 mg·kg body weight (BW). Plasma, bile, and different tissue samples, including liver, kidney, gill, gut, and skin-muscle, were collected at predetermined times points. An HPLC method was developed to simultaneously determine the concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite, ciprofloxacin. However, ciprofloxacin was only detectable in some liver samples with trace levels. Then the average enrofloxacin concentrations vs. time data were subjected to a non-compartmental analysis using WinNonLin 5.2 software. Multiple peaking profiles were observed in all enrofloxacin concentration-time curves. The peak concentration (C) values were observed as 0.79, 1.01, 2.09, 2.85, 4.34, 10.78, and 13.07 μg·ml (or g) in plasma, skin-muscle, gill, kidney, liver, bile, and gut, respectively, and the corresponding time to reach peak concentration (T) was 8, 8, 1, 8, 1, 72, and 4 h, respectively. The values of elimination half-life (T ) of enrofloxacin in different tissues was in the following order: gill (291.13 h) > liver (222.29 h) > kidney (157.22 h) > plasma (129.44 h) > gut (91.47 h) > skin-muscle (87.77 h) > bile (86.22 h). The present results showed that enrofloxacin had a wide distribution in different tissues, however slow absorption and elimination in Yellow River carp. Additionally, enrofloxacin exhibited large distribution in bile, indicating that bile excretion might be the primary elimination route of enrofloxacin in Yellow River carp. A withdrawal period was calculated as 379.2 °C-day for single oral dosing of enrofloxacin at 10 mg/kg BW. Based on the calculated PK/PD indices of AUC/MIC or C/MIC, the current enrofloxacin dosing regimen might have a positive therapeutic effect on the infection of , or . However, the depletion study following multiple oral doses should be carried out in Yellow River carp reared at lower temperatures, and the withdrawal period should also be further calculated.
PubMed: 35187147
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.822032 -
Animals : An Open Access Journal From... Apr 2021African catfish () were subjected to a 30-day feeding trial to determine the appropriateness of using plant protein (PP) (soybean and sunflower meal) as a fishmeal (FM)...
African catfish () were subjected to a 30-day feeding trial to determine the appropriateness of using plant protein (PP) (soybean and sunflower meal) as a fishmeal (FM) replacement in the diet and its effects on immune status, antioxidant activity, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide () gene expression, and disease resistance. A total of 150 (51.01 ± 0.34 g) were randomly distributed among five groups in triplicate. Five experimental diets were formulated to replace 0 (control), 33.5, 50, 66.5, and 100% FM with soybean and sunflower meal to form the experimental diets (R0, R33.5, R50, R66.5, and R100, respectively). After 30 days, the diet containing PP for FM had no significant impact on total, and differential leukocyte counts determined at the end of the feeding period. The total globulin concentration showed significantly greater differences in the following order R0 > R33.5 > R50 > R66.5 > R100. The R0 group had the highest concentration of serum γ-globulin, while R100 had the lowest concentration. The antioxidant status complements 3 (C3), lysozyme activity (LYZ), and antiprotease activity were not significantly different between R0, R33.5, and R50 groups, while they were significantly lower in R100. The serum nitric oxide activity (NO) exhibited significantly greater differences in the following order R0 > R33.5 > R50 > R66.5 > R100. was significantly higher in the R33.5 group. The highest cumulative mortality caused by was recorded in the R100 group (60%) and the lowest in the R0 group (30%). In conclusion, the results indicate that the immunological responses and antioxidant status of were not affected when they consumed a diet with FM replaced by up to 50% with PP (SBM and SFM) with methionine and lysine supplementation, but total globulin, NO, and cumulative mortality were impaired with a diet containing a 100% FM replacement.
PubMed: 33922697
DOI: 10.3390/ani11051223 -
Veterinary World May 2023Antibiotic resistance has become an issue of global importance due to increasing levels of bacterial infections worldwide. Farm management and usage of antibiotics in...
BACKGROUND AND AIM
Antibiotic resistance has become an issue of global importance due to increasing levels of bacterial infections worldwide. Farm management and usage of antibiotics in livestock are known risk factors associated with the increase in global levels of antibiotic resistance. Goats and sheep are examples of livestock with large populations. Although antibiotic resistance in bacteria from livestock negatively affects both human health and the economy, the global data regarding this issue in goats and sheep are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to provide information on the antibiotic-resistance profile of bacteria isolated from goats and sheep worldwide (Asia, Europe, and Africa).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We performed a systematic review of articles published on this topic without any restriction on the year of publication. We searched the Directory of Open Access Journals, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus using Boolean logic through various keywords. The search generated a total of 1325 articles, and after screening for duplicates and implementing inclusion and exclusion criteria, qualitative synthesis (i.e., qualitative systematic review) was performed on 37 articles.
RESULTS
The synthesized information indicated that 18 Gram-positive and 13 Gram-negative bacterial species from goats and sheep were resistant to ten antibiotics, namely penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin (CIP), and sulfamethoxazole. The prevalence of antibiotic resistance ranged from 0.4% to 100%. However, up to 100% of some bacteria, namely, Dublin, , and , were susceptible to CIP. and were highly resistant to all antibiotics tested. Moreover, eight of the ten antibiotics tested were critically important antibiotics for humans.
CONCLUSION
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria in goats and sheep are a potential risk to animal and human health. Collaboration between all stakeholders and further research is needed to prevent the negative impacts of antibiotic resistance.
PubMed: 37576756
DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.977-986 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Crawfish can be easily spoiled due to their rich nutrition and high water content, which is difficult to preserve. In this study, the dominant spoilage organisms in...
Crawfish can be easily spoiled due to their rich nutrition and high water content, which is difficult to preserve. In this study, the dominant spoilage organisms in crawfish which were stored at 4 °C in vacuum packaging were identified by high-throughput sequencing technology; after sequencing the full-length 16S rRNA gene, the changes in the bacterial community structure, diversity and quality (texture, flavor, etc.) were analyzed. Our results reflected that the specific spoilage organisms (SSOs) of crawfish were , Shewanella putrefaciens, Trichococcus pasteurii and , since their abundances significantly increased after being stored for 12 days at 4 °C under vacuum conditions. At the same time, the abundance and diversity of the microbial community decreased with storage time, which was related to the rapid growth of the dominant spoilage organisms and the inhibition of other kinds of microorganisms at the end of the spoilage stage. Function prediction results showed that the gene which contributed to metabolism influenced the spoilage process. Moreover, the decline in texture of crawfish was negatively correlated to the richness of SSOs; this may be because SSOs can produce alkaline proteases to degrade the myofibrillar protein. On the contrary, the unpleasant flavor of crawfish, resulting from volatile flavor compounds such as S-containing compounds and APEOs, etc., is negatively correlated to the richness of SSOs, due to the metabolism of SSOs by secondary metabolites such as terpenoids, polyketides and lips, which can lead to decarboxylation, deamination and enzymatic oxidation. These results are very important to achieve the purpose of targeted inhibition of crawfish spoilage at 4 °C in vacuum packaging.
Topics: Animals; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Food Packaging; Food Microbiology; Vacuum; Microbiota; Astacoidea; Food Preservation
PubMed: 36500719
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238618 -
South Asian Journal of Cancer Jul 2022Bikram Das Aeromonas is a water-dwelling Gram-negative bacillus primarily associated with gastrointestinal tract diseases. Aeromonas sobria causing gastroenteritis...
Bikram Das Aeromonas is a water-dwelling Gram-negative bacillus primarily associated with gastrointestinal tract diseases. Aeromonas sobria causing gastroenteritis has been reported in India. In immunocompromised host, Aeromonas sobria can also present with severe necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection with a high mortality rate. We report a case of Aeromonas sobria sepsis with skin and soft tissue infection in the background of immunosuppression. Fifty-year-old male who underwent an unrelated donor peripheral stem cell transplant for relapsed pre-B acute lymphoblastic leukemia in complete clinical remission on graft versus host disease prophylaxis, post-white blood cell engraftment presented with acute onset lethargy, lower limb pain without fever, or any skin changes initially. He rapidly worsened clinically over few days and developed sepsis, multiorgan dysfunction with the appearance of erythema and blister over the lower limb, and Fournier's gangrene of scrotum. He was found to have Aeromonas sobria bacteremia with isolated resistance to carbapenems while sensitive to all other classes of antibiotics. Despite appropriate antibiotic therapy and supportive measures, he succumbed to death for this invasive bacterial disease. Aeromonas should be considered a cause of sepsis in immunosuppressed hosts, especially those with hematological malignancy presenting with necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection. Considering the virulence of this pathogen, despite the very susceptible antibiogram, such patients must be managed aggressively. Early recognition of the disease with a combination of medical and surgical management might help to improve the outcome.
PubMed: 36588616
DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1743164 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Jul 2024This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding liquid extract of algae (Hypnea musciformis, Grateloupia acuminata, and Sargassum muticum) (HGS) and Magnesium oxide...
Synergistic effect of green synthesis magnesium oxide nanoparticles and seaweed extract on improving water quality, health benefits, and disease resistance in Nile tilapia.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding liquid extract of algae (Hypnea musciformis, Grateloupia acuminata, and Sargassum muticum) (HGS) and Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) using this extract to rear water of Oreochromis niloticus, on improving culture water indices, growth performance, digestive enzyme, hemato-biochemical characters, immune, antioxidative responses, and resistance after challenged by Aeromonas hydrophila with specific refer to the potential role of the mixture in vitro as resistance against three strains bacteria (Aeromonas sobria, Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. aeruginosa) and one parasite (Cichlidogyrus tilapia). The first group represented control, HGS0, whereas the other group, HGS5, HGS10, and HGS15 mL of liquid extract, as well as all groups with 7.5 μg mL MgO-NPs added to culture water of O. niloticus, for 60 days. Data showed that increasing levels at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL in to-culture water significantly enhanced growth-stimulating digestive enzyme activity and a significantly improved survival rate of O. niloticus after being challenged with A. hydrophila than in the control group. The total viability, coliform, fecal coliform count, and heavy metal in muscle partially decreased at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL than in the control group. Correspondingly, the highest positive effect on hemato-biochemical indices was noticed at levels HGS 10 and HGS15 mL. Fish noticed an improvement in immune and antioxidant indices compared to control groups partially at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL. Interestingly, fish cultured in rearing water with the mixture provided downregulated the related inflammatory genes (HSP70, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-8) partially at HGS15 mL. In vitro, the mixture showed positive efficiency as an antibacterial and partially antiparasitic at HGS 10 and HGS15 mL. This study proposes utilizing a mixture of (HGS) and (MgO-NPs) with optimum levels of 10-15 mL in cultured water to improve water indices, growth, health status, and increased resistance of O. niloticus against bacterial and parasitic infection.
Topics: Animals; Magnesium Oxide; Cichlids; Disease Resistance; Water Quality; Seaweed; Fish Diseases; Plant Extracts; Nanoparticles; Green Chemistry Technology; Metal Nanoparticles; Aeromonas hydrophila; Sargassum
PubMed: 38843743
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116522 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science May 2024Doxycycline (DO) has been used in fish for a long time, but there are some factors that have not yet been clarified regarding its pharmacokinetic (PK) and...
Pharmacokinetic behaviour and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration of doxycycline in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after intravascular, intramuscular and oral administrations.
OBJECTIVE
Doxycycline (DO) has been used in fish for a long time, but there are some factors that have not yet been clarified regarding its pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the PK and PK/PD targets of DO after 20 mg/kg intravascular (IV), intramuscular (IM) and oral (OR) gavage administration in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
METHODS
Plasma samples were collected at specific time points and subsequently analysed by HPLC-ultraviolet. The PK/PD indices were calculated based on the MIC (Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas sobria) values obtained for the respective bacteria and the PK parameters obtained for DO following both IM and OR administration.
RESULTS
After IV administration, the elimination half-life (t ), area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC), apparent volume of distribution at steady-state and total body clearance of DO were 34.81 h, 723.82 h µg/mL, 1.24 L/kg and 0.03 L/kg/h, respectively. The t of the DO was found to be 37.39 and 39.78 h after IM, and OR administration, respectively. The bioavailability was calculated 57.02% and 32.29%, respectively, after IM and OR administration. The MIC of DO against A. hydrophila and A. sobria was 4 µg/mL. The PK/PD integration showed that DO (20 mg/kg dose) for A. hydrophila and A. sobria with MIC ≤4 µg/mL achieved target AUC/MIC value after IM administration.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that when rainbow trout was treated with 20 mg/kg IV and IM administered DO, therapeutically effective concentrations were reached in the control of infections caused by A. hydrophila and A. sobria.
Topics: Animals; Doxycycline; Oncorhynchus mykiss; Administration, Oral; Biological Availability
PubMed: 38520701
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.1419 -
Microorganisms Jul 2019subsp. is a Gram-negative bacterium causing furunculosis, an opportunistic infection of farmed salmonid fish. Current treatment methods against furunculosis rely...
subsp. is a Gram-negative bacterium causing furunculosis, an opportunistic infection of farmed salmonid fish. Current treatment methods against furunculosis rely heavily on antibiotherapy. However, strains of this opportunistic fish pathogen were found to possess genes that confer resistance to major antibiotics including those used to cure furunculosis. Therefore, dispensing bacterial symbionts as probiotics to susceptible hosts appears to be a promising alternative. Here, we present the genomic characterization and in vivo safety assessment of two brook charr () bacterial symbionts that inhibited subsp. growth in vitro ( ML11A and TM18) as well as a commercialized probiotic, MA18/5M (Bactocell). The genomic sequences of ML11A and TM18 obtained by whole-genome shotgun sequencing lack key virulence factor genes found in related pathogenic strains. Their genomic sequences are also devoid of genes involved in the inactivation (or target modification of) several key antimicrobial compounds used in salmonid aquaculture. Finally, when administered daily to live brook charr fingerlings, ML11A, TM18 and Bactocell helped improve several physiological condition metrics such as mean body weight, Fulton's condition factor and blood plasma lysozyme activity (an indicator for innate immune activity).
PubMed: 31284626
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7070193