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Nutrients Feb 2022High carbohydrate intakes are commonly recommended for athletes of various sports, including strength trainees, to optimize performance. However, the effect of... (Review)
Review
High carbohydrate intakes are commonly recommended for athletes of various sports, including strength trainees, to optimize performance. However, the effect of carbohydrate intake on strength training performance has not been systematically analyzed. A systematic literature search was conducted for trials that manipulated carbohydrate intake, including supplements, and measured strength, resistance training or power either acutely or after a diet and strength training program. Studies were categorized as either (1) acute supplementation, (2) exercise-induced glycogen depletion with subsequent carbohydrate manipulation, (3) short-term (2-7 days) carbohydrate manipulation or (4) changes in performance after longer-term diet manipulation and strength training. Forty-nine studies were included: 19 acute, six glycogen depletion, seven short-term and 17 long-term studies. Participants were strength trainees or athletes (39 studies), recreationally active (six studies) or untrained (four studies). Acutely, higher carbohydrate intake did not improve performance in 13 studies and enhanced performance in six studies, primarily in those with fasted control groups and workouts with over 10 sets per muscle group. One study found that a carbohydrate meal improved performance compared to water but not in comparison to a sensory-matched placebo breakfast. There was no evidence of a dose-response effect. After glycogen depletion, carbohydrate supplementation improved performance in three studies compared to placebo, in particular during bi-daily workouts, but not in research with isocaloric controls. None of the seven short-term studies found beneficial effects of carbohydrate manipulation. Longer-term changes in performance were not influenced by carbohydrate intake in 15 studies; one study favored the higher- and one the lower-carbohydrate condition. Carbohydrate intake per se is unlikely to strength training performance in a fed state in workouts consisting of up to 10 sets per muscle group. Performance during higher volumes may benefit from carbohydrates, but more studies with isocaloric control groups, sensory-matched placebos and locally measured glycogen depletion are needed.
Topics: Athletes; Dietary Carbohydrates; Dietary Supplements; Humans; Muscle, Skeletal; Physical Endurance; Resistance Training
PubMed: 35215506
DOI: 10.3390/nu14040856 -
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Feb 2021To evaluate the effect of oral semaglutide on energy intake and appetite in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM
To evaluate the effect of oral semaglutide on energy intake and appetite in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period cross-over trial, 15 subjects with T2D received 12 weeks of treatment with once-daily oral semaglutide (4-week dose escalation from 3 to 7 to 14 mg) followed by placebo, or vice versa. Energy intake was measured during an ad libitum lunch, evening meal and snack box after a standard breakfast. Appetite ratings were measured using a visual analogue scale after standard and fat-rich breakfasts. Other assessments included eating and craving control (using the Control of Eating Questionnaire), and changes in body weight and composition.
RESULTS
Following a standard breakfast, total daily ad libitum energy intake was significantly lower (38.9%) with oral semaglutide versus placebo in 13 evaluable subjects (estimated treatment difference, -5096.0 kJ; 95% CI -7000.0, -3192.1; P = .0001). After a fat-rich breakfast, there were significant differences in favour of oral semaglutide versus placebo for measures of satiety, hunger and for overall appetite score, with no significant differences following a standard breakfast. Fewer food cravings and better eating control were seen with oral semaglutide versus placebo. Overall, mean body weight decreased by 2.7 kg with oral semaglutide and 0.1 kg with placebo, mostly attributable to body fat mass loss.
CONCLUSION
After 12 weeks of treatment, ad libitum energy intake was lower with oral semaglutide versus placebo, resulting in reduced body fat mass, and was associated with increased satiety and fullness after a fat-rich breakfast, and improved eating control.
TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER
NCT02773381.
Topics: Appetite; Body Weight; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Eating; Energy Intake; Food Preferences; Glucagon-Like Peptides; Humans
PubMed: 33184979
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14255 -
Nutrients May 2021Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial... (Review)
Review
Postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) is strongly linked with the future development of cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Hence, reducing postprandial glycemic excursions is essential in T2D treatment to slow progressive deficiency of β-cell function and prevent cardiovascular complications. Most of the metabolic processes involved in PPHG, i.e., β-cell secretory function, GLP-1 secretion, insulin sensitivity, muscular glucose uptake, and hepatic glucose production, are controlled by the circadian clock and display daily oscillation. Consequently, postprandial glycemia displays diurnal variation with a higher glycemic response after meals with the same carbohydrate content, consumed at dusk compared to the morning. T2D and meal timing schedule not synchronized with the circadian clock (i.e., skipping breakfast) are associated with disrupted clock gene expression and is linked to PPHG. In contrast, greater intake in the morning (i.e., high energy breakfast) than in the evening has a resetting effect on clock gene oscillations and beneficial effects on weight loss, appetite, and reduction of PPHG, independently of total energy intake. Therefore, resetting clock gene expression through a diet intervention consisting of meal timing aligned to the circadian clock, i.e., shifting most calories and carbohydrates to the early hours of the day, is a promising therapeutic approach to improve PPHG in T2D. This review will focus on recent studies, showing how a high-energy breakfast diet (Bdiet) has resetting and synchronizing actions on circadian clock genes expression, improving glucose metabolism, postprandial glycemic excursions along with weight loss in T2D.
Topics: Appetite; Blood Glucose; Breakfast; Circadian Clocks; Circadian Rhythm Signaling Peptides and Proteins; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Diabetic; Energy Intake; Feeding Behavior; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Meals; Postprandial Period; Time Factors; Weight Loss
PubMed: 34063109
DOI: 10.3390/nu13051558 -
The Journal of Nutrition Jul 2020Although daily protein intake (PI) has been reported to be essential for regulating muscle mass, the distribution of daily PI in individuals is typically the lowest at... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
Although daily protein intake (PI) has been reported to be essential for regulating muscle mass, the distribution of daily PI in individuals is typically the lowest at breakfast and skewed toward dinner. Skewed protein intake patterns and inadequate PI at breakfast were reported to be negative factors for muscle maintenance.
OBJECTIVES
This study examined whether a protein-enriched meal at breakfast is more effective for muscle accretion compared with the typical skewed PI pattern.
METHODS
This 12-wk, parallel-group, randomized clinical trial included 26 men (means ± SEs; age: 20.8 ± 0.4 y; BMI: 21.8 ± 0.4 kg/m2). The "high breakfast" (HBR) group (n = 12) consumed a protein-enriched meal at breakfast providing a PI of 0.33 g/kg body weight (BW); their PI at lunch (0.46 g/kg BW) and dinner (0.48 g/kg BW) provided an adequate overall daily PI (1.30 g/kg BW/d). The "low breakfast" (LBR) group (n = 14) consumed 0.12 g protein/kg BW at breakfast; intakes at lunch (0.45 g/kg BW) and dinner (0.83 g/kg BW) yielded the same daily PI as in the HBR group. The participants performed supervised resistance training (RT) 3 times per week (75-80% 1-repetition maximum; 3 sets × 10 repetitions). DXA was used to measure the primary outcome variable, that is, total lean soft tissue mass (LTM).
RESULTS
The total LTM at baseline did not differ between the HBR (52.4 ± 1.3 kg) and LBR (53.4 ± 1.2 kg) groups. After the intervention, increases in total LTM were significant in both groups, with that in the HBR group (2.5 ± 0.3 kg) tending to be greater than that in the LBR group (1.8 ± 0.3 kg) (P = 0.06), with a large effect size (Cohen d = 0.795).
CONCLUSIONS
For RT-induced muscle hypertrophy in healthy young men, consuming a protein-enriched meal at breakfast and less protein at dinner while achieving an adequate overall PI is more effective than consuming more protein at dinner.This study was registered at University hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN) Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000037583 (https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr_e/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000042763).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Dietary Proteins; Humans; Male; Meals; Muscle, Skeletal; Resistance Training; Young Adult
PubMed: 32321161
DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa101 -
Diabetes Care Sep 2022Inhibiting sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) improves glycemic and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the differential... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
OBJECTIVE
Inhibiting sodium-glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) improves glycemic and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We investigated the differential impact of selective SGLT2 inhibition and dual inhibition of SGLT1 and SGLT2 on multiple parameters.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using a double-blind, parallel-group design, we randomized 40 patients with T2D and hypertension to receive the dual SGLT1 and SGLT2 inhibitor sotagliflozin 400 mg or the selective SGLT2 inhibitor empagliflozin 25 mg, with preexisting antihypertensive treatment, for 8 weeks. In an in-house testing site, mixed-meal tolerance tests (MMTTs) and other laboratory and clinical evaluations were used to study metabolic, intestinal, cardiovascular, and urinary parameters over 24 h.
RESULTS
Changes from baseline in glycemic and blood pressure control; intestinal, urine, and metabolic parameters; and cardiovascular biomarkers were generally similar with sotagliflozin and empagliflozin. During the breakfast MMTT, sotagliflozin significantly reduced incremental area under the curve (AUC) values for postprandial glucose, insulin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and significantly increased incremental AUCs for postprandial glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) relative to empagliflozin, consistent with sotagliflozin-mediated inhibition of intestinal SGLT1. These changes waned during lunch and dinner MMTTs. Both treatments significantly lowered GIP incremental AUCs relative to baseline over the 14 h MMTT interval; the most vigorous effect was seen with sotagliflozin soon after start of the first meal of the day. No serious or severe adverse events were observed.
CONCLUSIONS
Changes from baseline in glycemic and blood pressure control, cardiovascular biomarkers, and other parameters were comparable between sotagliflozin and empagliflozin. However, sotagliflozin but not empagliflozin inhibited intestinal SGLT1 after breakfast as shown by larger changes in postprandial glucose, insulin, GIP, and GLP-1 AUCs, particularly after breakfast. Additional study is warranted to assess the clinical relevance of transient SGLT1 inhibition and differences in incretin responses (NCT03462069).
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Glycosides; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2; Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors
PubMed: 35817022
DOI: 10.2337/dc21-2166 -
Nutrients Dec 2022This study aimed to examine the effect of high protein breakfast diet with or without lunch on the postprandial glucose level during the day. A randomized, crossover... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study aimed to examine the effect of high protein breakfast diet with or without lunch on the postprandial glucose level during the day. A randomized, crossover design that recruited 12 healthy young participants (three men and nine women) was performed and four trials (normal breakfast + skipped lunch, high protein breakfast + skipped lunch, normal breakfast + lunch, and high protein breakfast + lunch) were conducted in two weeks. During each trial, breakfast, lunch, and dinner on the trial day, and dinner before the trial day, were provided as test meals, and the meal timing was fixed. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to assess the blood glucose level during the whole experiment. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of the postprandial glucose level was calculated. The results suggested that compared with normal breakfast, high protein breakfast suppressed the 3 h iAUC of postprandial glucose level after breakfast (p < 0.05 or p < 0.0001) and 1.5 h iAUC after lunch (p < 0.01). During lunch, high protein breakfast diet suppressed the dinner and overall day postprandial glucose level (p < 0.05 vs. normal breakfast), but no significant difference was observed when skipping lunch. Our findings indicate that high protein breakfast could suppress the breakfast postprandial glucose level, as well as following lunch and dinner, but this effect on dinner was attenuated when skipping lunch.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, High-Protein; Hyperglycemia; Lunch; Meals; Postprandial Period; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 36615743
DOI: 10.3390/nu15010085 -
Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Jul 2021To assess the effects of oral semaglutide on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
AIM
To assess the effects of oral semaglutide on postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and gastric emptying, in subjects with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomized, double-blind, single-centre, crossover trial, subjects with T2D received once-daily oral semaglutide (escalated to 14 mg) followed by placebo, or vice versa, over two consecutive 12-week periods. Glucose and lipid metabolism, and gastric emptying (paracetamol absorption) were assessed before and after two types of standardized meals (standard and/or fat-rich) at the end of each treatment period. The primary endpoint was area under the glucose 0-5-h curve (AUC ) after the standard breakfast.
RESULTS
Fifteen subjects were enrolled (mean age 58.2 years, HbA1c 6.9%, body weight 93.9 kg, diabetes duration 3.1 years; 13 [86.7%] males). Fasting concentrations of glucose were significantly lower, and C-peptide significantly greater, with oral semaglutide versus placebo. Postprandial glucose (AUC ) was significantly lower with oral semaglutide versus placebo (estimated treatment ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.63, 0.81; p < .0001); glucose incremental AUC (iAUC ) and glucagon AUC were also significantly reduced, with similar results after the fat-rich breakfast. Fasting concentrations of triglycerides, very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and apolipoprotein B48 (ApoB48) were significantly lower with oral semaglutide versus placebo. AUC for triglycerides, VLDL and ApoB48, and triglycerides iAUC , were significantly reduced after oral semaglutide versus placebo. During the first postprandial hour, gastric emptying was delayed (a 31% decrease in paracetamol AUC ) with oral semaglutide versus placebo. One serious adverse event (acute myocardial infarction) occurred during oral semaglutide treatment.
CONCLUSION
Oral semaglutide significantly improved fasting and postprandial glucose and lipid metabolism, and delayed gastric emptying.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Double-Blind Method; Gastric Emptying; Glucagon-Like Peptides; Glucose; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Lipid Metabolism; Male; Middle Aged; Postprandial Period
PubMed: 33710717
DOI: 10.1111/dom.14373 -
BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.) Jul 2020To examine the associations between the intake of total and individual whole grain foods and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the associations between the intake of total and individual whole grain foods and the risk of type 2 diabetes.
DESIGN
Prospective cohort studies.
SETTING
Nurses' Health Study (1984-2014), Nurses' Health Study II (1991-2017), and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2016), United States.
PARTICIPANTS
158 259 women and 36 525 men who did not have type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer at baseline.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Self-reports of incident type 2 diabetes by participants identified through follow-up questionnaires and confirmed by a validated supplementary questionnaire.
RESULTS
During 4 618 796 person years of follow-up, 18 629 participants with type 2 diabetes were identified. Total whole grain consumption was categorized into five equal groups of servings a day for the three cohorts. After adjusting for lifestyle and dietary risk factors for diabetes, participants in the highest category for total whole grain consumption had a 29% (95% confidence interval 26% to 33%) lower rate of type 2 diabetes compared with those in the lowest category. For individual whole grain foods, pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for type 2 diabetes in participants consuming one or more servings a day compared with those consuming less than one serving a month were 0.81 (0.77 to 0.86) for whole grain cold breakfast cereal, 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for dark bread, and 1.08 (1.00 to 1.17) for popcorn. For other individual whole grains with lower average intake levels, comparing consumption of two or more servings a week with less than one serving a month, the pooled hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 0.79 (0.75 to 0.83) for oatmeal, 0.88 (0.82 to 0.94) for brown rice, 0.85 (0.80 to 0.90) for added bran, and 0.88 (0.78 to 0.98) for wheat germ. Spline regression showed a non-linear dose-response association between total whole grain intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes where the rate reduction slightly plateaued at more than two servings a day (P<0.001 for curvature). For whole grain cold breakfast cereal and dark bread, the rate reduction plateaued at about 0.5 servings a day. For consumption of popcorn, a J shaped association was found where the rate of type 2 diabetes was not significantly raised until consumption exceeded about one serving a day. The association between higher total whole grain intake and lower risk of type 2 diabetes was stronger in individuals who were lean than in those who were overweight or obese (P=0.003 for interaction), and the associations did not vary significantly across levels of physical activity, family history of diabetes, or smoking status.
CONCLUSION
Higher consumption of total whole grains and several commonly eaten whole grain foods, including whole grain breakfast cereal, oatmeal, dark bread, brown rice, added bran, and wheat germ, was significantly associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. These findings provide further support for the current recommendations of increasing whole grain consumption as part of a healthy diet for the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Topics: Adult; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Diet, Healthy; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Prospective Studies; Surveys and Questionnaires; United States; Whole Grains
PubMed: 32641435
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.m2206 -
Frontiers in Aging 2022The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anti-aging effect of NMN and its safety in a double-blind, parallel, randomised controlled clinical trial. The study was...
A Multicentre, Randomised, Double Blind, Parallel Design, Placebo Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Uthever (NMN Supplement), an Orally Administered Supplementation in Middle Aged and Older Adults.
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the anti-aging effect of NMN and its safety in a double-blind, parallel, randomised controlled clinical trial. The study was carried out on 66 healthy subjects between the ages of 40 and65 years, instructed to take two capsules (each containing 150 mg. of NMN or starch powder) once a day after breakfast for 60 days. At day 30, NAD/NADH levels in the serum showed a noteworthy increase, i.e., by 11.3%, whereas the placebo group had shown no change at all. At the end of the study, i.e., day 60, the NAD/NADH levels were increased further by 38% compared to baseline, against a mere 14.3% in the placebo group. In the case of SF 36, at day 60, the Uthever group showed a rise of 6.5%, whereas the placebo group was merely raised by 3.4%. At the end of the study, the mean HOMA IR Index showed a rise of 0.6% among the Uthever group and 30.6% among the Placebo group from baseline. The rise in the levels of NAD/NADH at day 30 and day 60 illustrated the potential of Uthever to raise the levels of NAD in the cells, which is linked to higher energy levels and an anti-aging effect. Increased sensitivity to insulin has also been linked to anti-aging. There was no noteworthy change in HOMA score, in the Uthever group whereas there was a noteworthy rise in the placebo group, demonstrating the anti-aging effect of Uthever as in its absence, the parameters worsened. (clinicaltrials.gov), identifier (NCT04228640 NMN).
PubMed: 35821806
DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.851698 -
Journal of the American Board of Family... 2021Recent studies suggest that intermittent fasting or skipping breakfast may be good strategies for weight loss and better health. The objective of this study was to...
BACKGROUND
Recent studies suggest that intermittent fasting or skipping breakfast may be good strategies for weight loss and better health. The objective of this study was to determine whether regular breakfast is associated with overall or cardiovascular mortality.
METHODS
Cohort study with follow-up mortality data from the NHANES 1999-2002. National weighted sample. Outcomes were overall and cardiovascular mortality; secondary was fiber intake.
RESULTS
Out of 5761 participants, there were 4778 (82.9%) identified as breakfast eaters and 2027 deaths (35.2%); 469 (23.1%) deaths were due to cardiovascular diseases. The average daily intake of calories was 2015, and fiber was 16.3 g/day. A total of 17.7%, 66.0%, and 11.4% of participants had diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, respectively. Analysis showed breakfast eaters were older, had lower body mass index, and ate more calories and fiber daily than non-breakfast eaters. Cox proportional hazard regression analyses showed that compared to non-breakfast eaters, the breakfast eaters were less likely to experience mortality after multivariable adjustments (overall mortality: hazard ratio [HR], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.84 and cardiovascular mortality: HR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.32-0.63). For the breakfast eaters, fiber intake >25 g/day was associated with 21% (HR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.66-0.96) reduction in all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustments.
CONCLUSIONS
Regular daily intake of breakfast appears to be associated with lower overall and cardiovascular mortality, particularly when consuming fiber >25 g/day. Further studies examining specific breakfast foods and the timing of foods would be helpful.
Topics: Breakfast; Cohort Studies; Humans; Nutrition Surveys
PubMed: 34312261
DOI: 10.3122/jabfm.2021.04.210044