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Children (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2023Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day. This study aimed to assess breakfast frequency and quality in Tunisian children and to determine the...
Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day. This study aimed to assess breakfast frequency and quality in Tunisian children and to determine the relationship between breakfast skipping and the weight status of the children. A total of 1200 preschool and school children aged 3 to 9 years were randomly selected under a cross-sectional design. Breakfast habits and socio-economic characteristics were collected using a questionnaire. Participants who consumed breakfast less than five times the previous week were categorized as breakfast skippers. The other breakfast consumers were considered as non-skippers. The overall prevalence of breakfast skipping in Tunisian children was 8.3% and 83% of them consumed breakfast all the weekdays. At least two out of three children had a poor breakfast quality. Only 1% of children consumed breakfast in accordance with the composition guidelines. No relationships between breakfast skipping and weight status were detected in this study after adjustment for age, sex and all socio-economic factors (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = 0.72-1.89, = 0.541). Further school-based interventions should be implemented to improve breakfast quality and to promote a healthy weight in Tunisian children.
PubMed: 36832521
DOI: 10.3390/children10020392 -
Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics Jan 2021This study assessed the efficacy and safety of ultrarapid insulin Fiasp in the hybrid closed-loop MiniMed™ 670G system. This was a pilot randomized double-blinded... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This study assessed the efficacy and safety of ultrarapid insulin Fiasp in the hybrid closed-loop MiniMed™ 670G system. This was a pilot randomized double-blinded crossover study among established MiniMed™ 670G users comparing percentage time in range (TIR) and hypoglycemia for Novolog and Fiasp. After 2 weeks optimization with their home insulin, participants were randomized to receive Novolog or Fiasp for 2 weeks, followed by the other insulin for the next 2 weeks. Data from the second week of blinded insulin use were analyzed to allow 1 week for 670G adaptation. During the second week, individuals were asked to eat the same breakfast for 3 days to assess differences in meal pharmacodynamics. Nineteen adults were recruited with mean age of 40 ± 18 years, diabetes duration of 27 ± 12 years, and median hemoglobin A1c of 7.1% (6.9, 7.5), using 0.72 (0.4, 1.2) units/(kg·day). For Novolog and Fiasp, respectively, the %TIR (70-180 mg/dL) was 75.3 ± 9.5 and 78.4 ± 9.3; %time <70 mg/dL was 3.1 ± 2.1 and 2.3 ± 2.0; %time >180 mg/dL was 21.6 ± 9.0 and 19.3 ± 8.9; mean glucose was 147 ± 12 and 146 ± 12 mg/dL; coefficient of variation was 28.6% ± 4.5% and 26.8% ± 4.4%; %time in auto mode 86.4 ± 9.2 and 84.4 ± 9.2. All comparisons were nonsignificant for insulin type. Total daily dose (Novolog 48.8 ± 28.4 vs. Fiasp 52.4 ± 31.7 units; = 0.01) and daily basal (Novolog 17.6 [15.5, 33.8] vs. Fiasp 19.1 [15.3, 38.5] units; = 0.07) correlated with TIR and %time >180 mg/dL. For insulin delivery in auto mode there was no statistical difference in total daily dose or daily basal between arms. Paired analysis for matched breakfast meals revealed no significant differences in time to maximum glucose, peak glucose, or glucose excursion. In this pilot study, the use of either Novolog or Fiasp in a commercially available MiniMed 670G system operating in auto mode resulted in clinically similar glycemic outcomes, with a slight increase in daily insulin requirements using Fiasp.
Topics: Adult; Blood Glucose; Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring; Cross-Over Studies; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1; Female; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Insulin Aspart; Insulin Infusion Systems; Male; Middle Aged; Pilot Projects; Young Adult
PubMed: 32520594
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2020.0083 -
The Journal of Nutrition Apr 2023There has been little investigation into how the timing of meals and eating occasions associates with postmenopausal breast cancer risk. (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
There has been little investigation into how the timing of meals and eating occasions associates with postmenopausal breast cancer risk.
OBJECTIVE
We examined the association between the frequency of consuming breakfast meals and after-dinner snacks with the risk for postmenopausal breast cancer.
METHODS
A prospective analysis of 74,825 postmenopausal women aged 49 to 81 y from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study cohort. Breakfast and after-dinner snack intake were assessed at year 1 examination. Risk for invasive and in situ breast cancer diagnosed before 28 February 2020 was modeled with multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models according to breakfast and after-dinner snack consumption frequencies. The models were adjusted for age, self-identified race/ethnicity, education, income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, diet quality score (Healthy Eating Index 2015), energy intake, diabetic status, hormone therapy, and BMI.
RESULTS
During the follow-up period, 5313 participants were diagnosed with invasive breast cancer and 1197 participants with in situ breast cancer. Compared with participants who did not eat breakfast, those with daily breakfast consumption was not associated with invasive breast cancer (HR: 1.04; 95% CI: 0.9, 1.19) nor in situ (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 0.91, 1.74) breast cancer. There were monotonic higher point estimates of in situ breast cancer for each higher category of breakfast intake from 0 to 7 times per week (P-trend = 0.04, Wald test). Compared with consumption of daily after-dinner snacks, avoidance of after-dinner snacks was not associated with invasive breast cancer (HR: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.87, 1.08) nor in situ (HR: 1.12; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.42) breast cancer.
CONCLUSIONS
There was no association between intake frequency of breakfast meals or after-dinner snack habits and with risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
Topics: Humans; Female; Breakfast; Snacks; Breast Neoplasms; Postmenopause; Feeding Behavior; Meals; Energy Intake; Women's Health
PubMed: 36828152
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.003 -
International Journal of Environmental... Mar 2022Saliva has been studied as a better indicator of disorders and diseases than blood. Specifically, the salivary glucose level is considered to be an indicator of diabetes...
BACKGROUND
Saliva has been studied as a better indicator of disorders and diseases than blood. Specifically, the salivary glucose level is considered to be an indicator of diabetes mellitus (DM). However, saliva collection methods can affect the salivary glucose level, thereby affecting the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose. Therefore, this study aims to identify an ideal saliva collection method and to use this method to determine the population and individual correlations between salivary glucose and blood glucose levels in DM patients and healthy controls. Finally, an analysis of the stability of the individual correlations is conducted.
METHODS
This study included 40 age-matched DM patients and 40 healthy controls. In the fasting state, saliva was collected using six saliva collection methods, venous blood was collected simultaneously from each study participant, and both samples were analyzed at the same time using glucose oxidase peroxidase. A total of 20 DM patients and 20 healthy controls were arbitrarily selected from the above participants for one week of daily testing. The correlations between salivary glucose and blood glucose before and after breakfast were analyzed. Finally, 10 DM patients and 10 healthy controls were arbitrarily selected for one month of daily testing to analyze the stability of individual correlations.
RESULTS
Salivary glucose levels were higher in DM patients than healthy controls for the six saliva collection methods. Compared with unstimulated saliva, stimulated saliva had decreased glucose level and increased salivary flow. In addition, unstimulated parotid salivary glucose was most correlated with blood glucose level (R = 0.9153), and the ROC curve area was 0.9316, which could accurately distinguish DM patients. Finally, it was found that the correlations between salivary glucose and blood glucose in different DM patients were quite different. The average correlation before breakfast was 0.83, and the average correlation after breakfast was 0.77. The coefficient of variation of the correlation coefficient before breakfast within 1 month was less than 5%.
CONCLUSION
Unstimulated parotid salivary glucose level is the highest and is most correlated with blood glucose level, which can be accurately used to distinguish DM patients. Meanwhile, the correlation between salivary glucose and blood glucose was found to be relatively high and stable before breakfast. In general, the unstimulated parotid salivary glucose before breakfast presents an ideal saliva collecting method with which to replace blood-glucose use to detect DM, which provides a reference for the prediction of DM.
Topics: Blood Glucose; Diabetes Mellitus; Glucose; Humans; Oxidoreductases; Parotid Gland; Saliva
PubMed: 35409805
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074122 -
Journal of Diabetes Investigation Mar 2023Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are important incretin hormones. They are released from the gut after meal... (Review)
Review
AIMS/INTRODUCTION
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) are important incretin hormones. They are released from the gut after meal ingestion and potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Their release after meal ingestion and oral glucose are well established and have been characterized previously. During recent years, knowledge of other regulatory aspects that potentially may affect GIP and GLP-1 secretion after meal ingestion have also begun to emerge. Here, the results of human studies on these novel aspects of meal- and nutrient-stimulated incretin hormone secretion are reviewed.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The human literature was revisited by identifying articles in PubMed using key words GIP, GLP-1, secretion, meal, and nutrients.
RESULTS
The results show that all macronutrients individually stimulate GIP and GLP-1 secretion. However, there was no synergistic action when given in combination. A pre-load 30 min before a meal augments the GIP and GLP-1 response. GIP and GLP-1 secretion have a diurnal variation with a higher response to an identical meal in the morning than in the afternoon. There is no difference in GIP and GLP-1 secretion whether a meal is ingested slowly or rapidly. GIP and GLP-1 secretion after dinner are the same whether or not breakfast and lunch have been ingested. The temperature of the food may be of importance for the incretin hormone response.
CONCLUSIONS
These novel findings have increased our knowledge on the regulation of the complexity of the incretin system and are also important knowledge when designing future studies.
Topics: Humans; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Incretins; Blood Glucose; Insulin; Glucose; Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide; Peptide Fragments
PubMed: 36539382
DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13962 -
Nature Communications Nov 2022How people wake up and regain alertness in the hours after sleep is related to how they are sleeping, eating, and exercising. Here, in a prospective longitudinal study...
How people wake up and regain alertness in the hours after sleep is related to how they are sleeping, eating, and exercising. Here, in a prospective longitudinal study of 833 twins and genetically unrelated adults, we demonstrate that how effectively an individual awakens in the hours following sleep is not associated with their genetics, but instead, four independent factors: sleep quantity/quality the night before, physical activity the day prior, a breakfast rich in carbohydrate, and a lower blood glucose response following breakfast. Furthermore, an individual's set-point of daily alertness is related to the quality of their sleep, their positive emotional state, and their age. Together, these findings reveal a set of non-genetic (i.e., not fixed) factors associated with daily alertness that are modifiable.
Topics: Humans; Adult; Prospective Studies; Longitudinal Studies; Sleep; Exercise; Eating
PubMed: 36402781
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34503-2 -
Journal of the American Medical... May 2022The amount of breakfast protein intake is important for maintaining muscle strength. However, the effect of breakfast protein quality (ie, bioavailability) remains...
OBJECTIVES
The amount of breakfast protein intake is important for maintaining muscle strength. However, the effect of breakfast protein quality (ie, bioavailability) remains unclear. We investigated the association between breakfast protein quality and the incidence of muscle weakness.
DESIGN
Longitudinal study.
SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS
Healthy older adults age 60-83 years without stroke, arthritis, Parkinson disease, or muscle weakness at baseline (maximum follow-up period and participations were 9.2 years and 5 times, respectively).
METHODS
Weakness was defined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria, using grip strength. Breakfast protein quality was evaluated using the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS), where higher scores represent higher quality, calculated from 3-day dietary records. Participants were classified according to sex-stratified tertiles of breakfast PDCAAS (ie, low to high groups). The association between PDCAAS and incident weakness was analyzed using the generalized estimating equation, after adjusting for sex, age, follow-up time, grip strength, body mass index, physical activity, cognition, education, smoking, economics, medical history, lunch and dinner PDCAASs, and energy and protein intake during 3 regular meals at baseline.
RESULTS
Overall, 14.4% of the initial sample was excluded owing to a diagnosis of weakness-related diseases, and 58.3% (n = 701) had at least 1 follow-up measurement for inclusion in the analysis. The mean ± SD follow-up period was 6.9 ± 2.1 years; the cumulative number of participants was 3019, and 282 developed weakness. Using the low PDCAAS group as the reference, the adjusted odds ratios (95% CIs) for incident weakness in the middle and high PDCAAS groups were 0.71 (0.43-1.18) and 0.50 (0.29-0.86), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
Higher breakfast protein quality was associated with a reduction in incident weakness in older adults, independent of protein intake. These findings may highlight the role of protein quality for muscle health in older adults.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Breakfast; Hand Strength; Humans; Japan; Longitudinal Studies; Middle Aged; Muscle Strength; Muscle Weakness
PubMed: 35007507
DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2021.11.037 -
International Journal of Food Science 2022There is a gradual change in the eating trend of Ghanaians. People now prefer convenient semiprocessed foods as breakfast meals to raw ones. These breakfast meals make...
There is a gradual change in the eating trend of Ghanaians. People now prefer convenient semiprocessed foods as breakfast meals to raw ones. These breakfast meals make use of cereals and grains, which often suffer postharvest losses. Thus, this study was aimed at adding value to these food crops by producing a nutritious convenient breakfast meal in the form of flakes using yellow maize and coconut as main food components. Five different formulations of percentages, maize against coconut (80/20, 77.5/22.5, 75/25, 72.5/27.5, and 70/30), were developed using the Design-Expert's D-optimal design to produce the breakfast meals through drum drying and the products assessed for acceptability by consumer panel. Panellists rated the produced cereal high in overall acceptability during the sensory evaluation. The overall acceptability decreased with decreasing coconut percentage in the cereal product. The 70/30 formulation was most preferred by panellist. The protein, fat, ash, fibre, carbohydrate, and energy contents in all five formulations increased significantly after processing. Coliform count and Bacillus cereus counts were <10 cfu/g.
PubMed: 35990772
DOI: 10.1155/2022/4566482 -
Appetite May 2023Project SWEET examined the barriers and facilitators to the use of non-nutritive sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (hereafter "S&SE") alongside potential risks/benefits... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
Impact of acute consumption of beverages containing plant-based or alternative sweetener blends on postprandial appetite, food intake, metabolism, and gastro-intestinal symptoms: Results of the SWEET beverages trial.
Project SWEET examined the barriers and facilitators to the use of non-nutritive sweeteners and sweetness enhancers (hereafter "S&SE") alongside potential risks/benefits for health and sustainability. The Beverages trial was a double-blind multi-centre, randomised crossover trial within SWEET evaluating the acute impact of three S&SE blends (plant-based and alternatives) vs. a sucrose control on glycaemic response, food intake, appetite sensations and safety after a carbohydrate-rich breakfast meal. The blends were: mogroside V and stevia RebM; stevia RebA and thaumatin; and sucralose and acesulfame-potassium (ace-K). At each 4 h visit, 60 healthy volunteers (53% male; all with overweight/obesity) consumed a 330 mL beverage with either an S&SE blend (0 kJ) or 8% sucrose (26 g, 442 kJ), shortly followed by a standardised breakfast (∼2600 or 1800 kJ with 77 or 51 g carbohydrates, depending on sex). All blends reduced the 2-h incremental area-under-the-curve (iAUC) for blood insulin (p < 0.001 in mixed-effects models), while the stevia RebA and sucralose blends reduced the glucose iAUC (p < 0.05) compared with sucrose. Post-prandial levels of triglycerides plus hepatic transaminases did not differ across conditions (p > 0.05 for all). Compared with sucrose, there was a 3% increase in LDL-cholesterol after stevia RebA-thaumatin (p < 0.001 in adjusted models); and a 2% decrease in HDL-cholesterol after sucralose-ace-K (p < 0.01). There was an impact of blend on fullness and desire to eat ratings (both p < 0.05) and sucralose-acesulfame K induced higher prospective intake vs sucrose (p < 0.001 in adjusted models), but changes were of a small magnitude and did not translate into energy intake differences over the next 24 h. Gastro-intestinal symptoms for all beverages were mostly mild. In general, responses to a carbohydrate-rich meal following consumption of S&SE blends with stevia or sucralose were similar to sucrose.
Topics: Humans; Appetite; Beverages; Blood Glucose; Cholesterol; Cross-Over Studies; Eating; Prospective Studies; Stevia; Sucrose; Sweetening Agents; Double-Blind Method
PubMed: 36849009
DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106515 -
Birth (Berkeley, Calif.) Mar 2022There is a lack of consensus in the literature about the association between meal patterning during pregnancy and birth outcomes. This study examined whether maternal...
BACKGROUND
There is a lack of consensus in the literature about the association between meal patterning during pregnancy and birth outcomes. This study examined whether maternal meal patterning in the week before birth was associated with an increased likelihood of imminent spontaneous labor.
METHODS
Data came from 607 participants in the third phase of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study (PIN3). Data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire after birth, before hospital discharge. Questions included the typical number of meals and snacks consumed daily, during both the week before labor onset and the 24-hour period before labor onset. A self-matched, case-crossover study design examined the association between skipping one or more meals and the likelihood of spontaneous labor onset within the subsequent 24 hours.
RESULTS
Among women who experienced spontaneous labor, 87.0% reported routinely eating three daily meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) during the week before their labor began, but only 71.2% reported eating three meals during the 24-hour period before their labor began. Compared with the week before their labor, the odds of imminent spontaneous labor were 5.43 times as high (95% CI: 3.41-8.65) within 24 hours of skipping 1 or more meals. The association between skipping 1 or more meals and the onset of spontaneous labor remained elevated for both pregnant individuals who birthed early (37-<39 weeks) and full-term (≥39 weeks).
CONCLUSIONS
Skipping meals later in pregnancy was associated with an increased likelihood of imminent spontaneous labor, though we are unable to rule out reverse causality.
Topics: Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Family; Feeding Behavior; Female; Humans; Male; Meals; Pregnancy
PubMed: 34453454
DOI: 10.1111/birt.12583