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Medicine and Science in Sports and... Oct 2021This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx). (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine if energy intake and appetite regulation differ in response to an acute bout of resistance exercise (REx) versus aerobic exercise (AEx).
METHODS
Physically inactive adults (n = 24, 35% ± 2% body fat, 50% female) completed three conditions: AEx (walking at 65%-70% heart rate max for 45 min), REx (1 set to failure of 12 exercises), and sedentary control (SED). Each condition was initiated in the postprandial state (35 min after breakfast). Appetite (visual analog scale for hunger, satiety, and prospective food consumption) and hormones (ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)) were measured before and 30, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min after a standardized breakfast. Area under the curve was calculated using the trapezoid method. Ad libitum energy intake was evaluated at a lunch meal after the 180-min measurements.
RESULTS
No differences in ad libitum energy intake (REx, 991 ± 68; AEx, 937 ± 65; SED, 944 ± 76 kcal; P = 0.50) or appetite ratings (all, P > 0.05) were detected. The area under the curve for ghrelin, PYY, and GLP-1 were all lower after REx versus AEx (ghrelin: 130,737 ± 4928 for REx; 143,708 ± 7500 for AEx (P = 0.006); PYY: 20,540 ± 1177 for REx, 23,812 ± 1592 for AEx (P = 0.001); and GLP-1: 1314 ± 93 for REx, 1615 ± 110 for AEx (P = 0.013)). Neither exercise condition significantly differed from SED.
CONCLUSIONS
Acute REx lowers both orexigenic (ghrelin) and anorectic (PYY and GLP-1) gut peptides compared with acute AEx. Ad libitum energy intake did not increase compared with SED in either exercise condition, indicating both exercise modalities have appetite and energy intake suppressing effects. Future work is needed to determine if exercise of differing modalities influences chronic appetite regulation.
Topics: Adult; Appetite Regulation; Craving; Cross-Over Studies; Energy Intake; Exercise; Female; Ghrelin; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Humans; Hunger; Male; Peptide YY; Resistance Training
PubMed: 33831896
DOI: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002678 -
International Journal of Obesity (2005) Nov 2021Disturbed circadian rhythm is associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a site of nonshivering thermogenesis...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Disturbed circadian rhythm is associated with an increased risk of obesity and metabolic disorders. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a site of nonshivering thermogenesis (NST) and plays a role in regulating whole-body energy expenditure (EE), substrate metabolism, and body fatness. In this study, we examined diurnal variations of NST in healthy humans by focusing on their relation to BAT activity.
METHODS
Forty-four healthy men underwent F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography and were divided into Low-BAT and High-BAT groups. In STUDY 1, EE, diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT), and fat oxidation (FO) were measured using a whole-room indirect calorimeter at 27 °C. In STUDY 2, EE, FO, and skin temperature in the region close to BAT depots (Tscv) and in the control region (Tc) were measured at 27 °C and after 90 min cold exposure at 19 °C in the morning and in the evening.
RESULTS
In STUDY 1, DIT and FO after breakfast was higher in the High-BAT group than in the Low-BAT group (P < 0.05), whereas those after dinner were comparable in the two groups. FO in the High-BAT group was higher after breakfast than after dinner (P < 0.01). In STUDY 2, cold-induced increases in EE (CIT), FO, and Tscv relative to Tc in the morning were higher in the High-BAT group than in the Low-BAT group (P < 0.05), whereas those after dinner were comparable in the two groups. CIT in the High-BAT group tended to be higher in the morning than in the evening (P = 0.056).
CONCLUSION
BAT-associated NST and FO were evident in the morning, but not in the evening, suggesting that the activity of human BAT is higher in the morning than in the evening, and thus may be involved in the association of an eating habit of breakfast skipping with obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Topics: Adipose Tissue, Brown; Adult; Circadian Rhythm; Female; Humans; Male; Positron-Emission Tomography; Thermogenesis; Time Factors
PubMed: 34341470
DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00927-x -
The Journal of Nutrition Jan 2023High amylose starchy foods modulate the postprandial metabolic response in humans. However, the mechanisms of their metabolic benefits and their impact on the subsequent... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
BACKGROUND
High amylose starchy foods modulate the postprandial metabolic response in humans. However, the mechanisms of their metabolic benefits and their impact on the subsequent meal have not been fully elucidated.
OBJECTIVE
We aimed to evaluate whether glucose and insulin responses to a standard lunch are influenced by the consumption of amylose-rich bread at breakfast in overweight adults and whether changes in plasma short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations contribute to their metabolic effects.
METHODS
Using a randomized crossover design, 11 men and 9 women, BMI 30 ± 3 kg/m, 48 ± 19 y, consumed at breakfast 2 breads made with high amylose flour (HAF): 85%-HAF (180 g) and 75%-HAF (170 g), and control bread (120 g) containing 100% conventional flour. Plasma samples were collected at fasting, 4 h after breakfast, and 2 h after a standard lunch to measure glucose, insulin, and SCFA concentrations. ANOVA posthoc analyses were used for comparisons.
RESULTS
Postprandial plasma glucose responses were 27% and 39% lower after breakfasts with 85%- and 70%-HAF breads than control bread (P = 0.026 and P = 0.003, respectively), with no difference after lunch. Insulin responses were not different between the 3 breakfasts, whereas there was a 28% lower response after the lunch following breakfast with 85%-HAF bread than the control (P = 0.049). Propionate concentrations increased from fasting by 9% and 12% 6 h after breakfasts with 85%- and 70%-HAF breads and decreased by 11% with control bread (P < 0.05). At 6 h after breakfast with 70%-HAF bread, plasma propionate and insulin were inversely correlated (r = -0.566; P = 0.044).
CONCLUSIONS
Amylose-rich bread reduces the postprandial glucose response after breakfast and insulin concentrations after the subsequent lunch in overweight adults. This second meal effect may be mediated by the elevation of plasma propionate due to intestinal fermentation of resistant starch. High amylose products could be a promising tool in a dietary prevention strategy for type 2 diabetes.
THIS TRIAL WAS REGISTERED AT CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY AS
NCT03899974 (https://www.
CLINICALTRIALS
gov/ct2/show/NCT03899974).
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Amylose; Blood Glucose; Bread; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Glucose; Insulin; Insulin, Regular, Human; Overweight; Postprandial Period; Propionates; Triticum
PubMed: 36913446
DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.007 -
Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism 2020COVID-19 pandemic, a global threat, adversely affects all daily lives, altered governmental plans around the world, and urges the development of therapeutics and... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
COVID-19 pandemic, a global threat, adversely affects all daily lives, altered governmental plans around the world, and urges the development of therapeutics and prophylactics to avoid the expansion of the viral infection. With the recent gradual opening after long lockdown, several recommendations have been placed, with dietary modification as one of the most important approaches that have been appraised.
SUMMARY
Here, we are reviewing how changing the host metabolism, particularly changing the host metabolic state from the carbohydrate-dependent glycolytic state to a fat-dependent ketogenic state, may affect viral replication. Furthermore, the impact of intermittent fasting (IF) in triggering metabolic switch along with the impact of supplementation with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) such as lauric acid in repressing the envelope formation and viral replication is also addressed. The amalgamation of IF and a ketogenic diet rich in MCTs is thought to work as a prophylactic measure for normal people and adjunct therapy for infected persons. Key Message: A diet regimen of ketogenic breakfast along with supplementation with two doses of lauric acid-rich MCTs at breakfast and lunch times, followed by 8-12-h IF and a dinner rich with fruits and vegetables, could be a potential prophylactic strategy and adjuvant therapy to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Topics: COVID-19; Communicable Disease Control; Diet, Ketogenic; Fasting; Humans; Pandemics; Triglycerides; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32950986
DOI: 10.1159/000510508 -
International Journal of Obesity (2005) Nov 2023After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) a subset of patients never obtain excess BMI loss (EBMIL) > 50% and are categorized as having primary weight loss (WL) failure....
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
After Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) a subset of patients never obtain excess BMI loss (EBMIL) > 50% and are categorized as having primary weight loss (WL) failure. We hypothesized that postprandial concentrations of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) would be lower in patients with primary WL failure compared with patients with successfully maintained WL. Furthermore, that inhibition of gut hormone secretions would increase ad libitum food intake less in patients with primary WL failure.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
Twenty women with primary WL failure (LowEBMIL < 50%) were individually matched to twenty women with successful WL (HighEBMIL > 60%) on age, preoperative BMI and time from RYGB. On separate days performed in a random order, patient-blinded subcutaneous injections of octreotide or saline (placebo) were followed by a fixed breakfast and an ad libitum lunch with blood sampling for appetite regulating hormones and Visual-Analogue-Scale (VAS)-scoring of hunger/satiety. Furthermore, participants underwent gene variant analysis for GLP-1, PYY and their receptors, indirect calorimetry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)-scans, 4-days at-home food registration and 14-days step counting.
RESULTS
On placebo days, postprandial GLP-1, PYY and cholecystokinin (CCK) concentrations were similar between groups after breakfast. Fasting ghrelin was lower in LowEBMIL, but the postprandial suppression was similar. LowEBMIL had lower satiety VAS-scores and less suppression of hunger VAS-scores. Gene variants did not differ between groups. Octreotide diminished GLP-1, PYY, CCK and ghrelin concentrations in both groups. Octreotide did not affect ad libitum food intake in LowEBMIL (-1% [-13, 12], mean [95%CI]), while food intake increased in HighEBMIL (+23% [2,44]).
CONCLUSIONS
Primary WL failure after RYGB was not characterized by impaired secretions of appetite regulating gut hormones. Interestingly, inhibition of gut hormone secretions with octreotide only increased food intake in patients with successful WL post-RYGB. Thus, an impaired central anorectic response to gut hormones may contribute to primary WL failure after RYGB.
Topics: Humans; Female; Gastric Bypass; Ghrelin; Octreotide; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Peptide YY; Glucagon-Like Peptide 1; Cholecystokinin; Eating; Weight Loss
PubMed: 37653071
DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01372-8 -
Nutrients Jan 2022School meals provide significant access to food and nutrition for children and adolescents, particularly through universal free meal mechanisms. Alongside added...
School meals provide significant access to food and nutrition for children and adolescents, particularly through universal free meal mechanisms. Alongside added nutritional meal requirements under the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act (2010), schools can utilize meal program and policy mechanisms such as the Community Eligibility Provision (CEP) and Breakfast after the Bell (BATB) to increase participation. This study examines longitudinal statewide school-level CEP and BATB adoption and estimates the impact on increased free and reduced-price (FRP) breakfast participation. We find that FRP breakfast participation increased for schools that utilize both CEP and BATB (14-percentage-point increase) and that CEP-participating schools are more likely to use BATB approaches such as breakfast in the classroom, grab-and-go carts, and second-chance breakfast. Additionally, using a conditional Difference-in-Differences (DiD) approach, we find that BATB adoption accounted for a 1.4-percentage-point increase in FRP school breakfasts served (p < 0.05). Study findings can inform policy and school official decision making around the policy and program mechanisms at their disposal to increase school meal participation and student nutrition.
Topics: Adolescent; Breakfast; Child; Food Services; Humans; Policy; Schools; Students
PubMed: 35276870
DOI: 10.3390/nu14030511 -
Children (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2022Over the last few decades, childhood overweight and obesity tend to reach epidemic proportions. The present study aimed to examine whether the composition of breakfast,...
Over the last few decades, childhood overweight and obesity tend to reach epidemic proportions. The present study aimed to examine whether the composition of breakfast, through the prism of its macronutrient content, could play a part in the development of excess body weight in children. A sample of 1728 Greek students from 47 primary schools was enrolled for the purposes of this study. Their weight and height were measured and their Body Mass Index was calculated and classified according to the International Obesity Task Force criteria. Their dietary habits, breakfast foods of choice, and physical activity were assessed through the use of a self-completed questionnaire. Further assessment of breakfast composition was carried out in order to evaluate its macronutrient content. Initial analysis, which was only energy-adjusted, showed a negative association between body weight and breakfast protein content and a positive association for lipid content. After further adjustment for age, sex, level of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and physical activity, there was a significant negative association between breakfast protein and excess body weight in children ( = 0.029), as well as a significant positive association of breakfast lipid content ( = 0.028). Breakfast macronutrient content seems to have an effect on body composition in children, independently of overall adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity, however further research is needed in order to elucidate potential pathways.
PubMed: 36553403
DOI: 10.3390/children9121960 -
Frontiers in Nutrition 2022A fast rate of eating is associated with a higher risk for obesity but existing studies are limited by reliance on self-report and the consistency of eating rate has not...
BACKGROUND
A fast rate of eating is associated with a higher risk for obesity but existing studies are limited by reliance on self-report and the consistency of eating rate has not been examined across all meals in a day. The goal of the current analysis was to examine associations between meal duration, rate of eating, and body mass index (BMI) and to assess the variance of meal duration and eating rate across different meals during the day.
METHODS
Using an observational cross-sectional study design, non-smoking participants aged 18-45 years ( = 29) consumed all meals (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) on a single day in a pseudo free-living environment. Participants were allowed to choose any food and beverages from a University food court and consume their desired amount with no time restrictions. Weighed food records and a log of meal start and end times, to calculate duration, were obtained by a trained research assistant. Spearman's correlations and multiple linear regressions examined associations between BMI and meal duration and rate of eating.
RESULTS
Participants were 65% male and 48% white. A shorter meal duration was associated with a higher BMI at breakfast but not lunch or dinner, after adjusting for age and sex ( = 0.03). Faster rate of eating was associated with higher BMI across all meals ( = 0.04) and higher energy intake for all meals ( < 0.001). Intra-individual rates of eating were not significantly different across breakfast, lunch, and dinner ( = 0.96).
CONCLUSION
Shorter beakfast and a faster rate of eating across all meals were associated with higher BMI in a pseudo free-living environment. An individual's rate of eating is constant over all meals in a day. These data support weight reduction interventions focusing on the rate of eating at all meals throughout the day and provide evidence for specifically directing attention to breakfast eating behaviors.
PubMed: 35958246
DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.941001 -
PloS One 2023Inorganic nitrate has been shown to acutely improve working memory in adults, potentially by altering cerebral and peripheral vasculature. However, this remains unknown...
Acute effects of nitrate and breakfast on working memory, cerebral blood flow, arterial stiffness, and psychological factors in adolescents: Study protocol for a randomised crossover trial.
BACKGROUND
Inorganic nitrate has been shown to acutely improve working memory in adults, potentially by altering cerebral and peripheral vasculature. However, this remains unknown in adolescents. Furthermore, breakfast is important for overall health and psychological well-being. Therefore, this study will investigate the acute effects of nitrate and breakfast on working memory performance, task-related cerebral blood flow (CBF), arterial stiffness, and psychological outcomes in Swedish adolescents.
METHODS
This randomised crossover trial will recruit at least 43 adolescents (13-15 years old). There will be three experimental breakfast conditions: (1) none, (2) low-nitrate (normal breakfast), and (3) high-nitrate (concentrated beetroot juice with normal breakfast). Working memory (n-back tests), CBF (task-related changes in oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin in the prefrontal cortex), and arterial stiffness (pulse wave velocity and augmentation index) will be measured twice, immediately after breakfast and 130 min later. Measures of psychological factors and salivary nitrate/nitrite will be assessed once before the conditions and at two-time points after the conditions.
DISCUSSION
This study will provide insight into the acute effects of nitrate and breakfast on working memory in adolescents and to what extent any such effects can be explained by changes in CBF. This study will also shed light upon whether oral intake of nitrate may acutely improve arterial stiffness and psychological well-being, in adolescents. Consequently, results will indicate if nitrate intake from beetroot juice or if breakfast itself could acutely improve cognitive, vascular, and psychological health in adolescents, which can affect academic performance and have implications for policies regarding school meals.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
The trial has been prospectively registered on 21/02/2022 at https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN16596056. Trial number: ISRCTN16596056.
Topics: Adult; Humans; Adolescent; Nitrates; Breakfast; Cross-Over Studies; Vascular Stiffness; Memory, Short-Term; Pulse Wave Analysis; Cerebrovascular Circulation; Beta vulgaris; Blood Pressure; Dietary Supplements; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
PubMed: 37205681
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285581 -
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) Aug 2020Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea has increased rapidly. Current knowledge reflects the importance of dietary control in relation to the metabolic...
Recently, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Korea has increased rapidly. Current knowledge reflects the importance of dietary control in relation to the metabolic syndrome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of skipping breakfast on the metabolic syndrome. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017 for the second year. A total of 3864 adults aged 20 to 64 were included in the study. We stratified the study population into three groups, based on breakfast patterns: the regular group, irregular group, and skipping group. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the association between skipping breakfast and the presence of metabolic syndrome. We noted an increase in the proportion of metabolic syndrome cases as follows: skipping group (3.3%), irregular group (5.4%), and regular group (8.5%) ( < 0.001). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping and irregular groups compared with the regular group were 0.68 (95% CI; 0.35 to 1.35) and 0.81 (95% CI; 0.51 to 1.28), respectively. In the 40-65-year-old age group, which had a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios of metabolic syndrome in the skipping group compared with regular group were 0.78 (95%CI, 0.39 to 1.62). There was no significant correlation between skipping breakfast and risk factors of metabolic syndrome (after adjusting for risk factors), but a tendency of skipping breakfast to lower the risk of metabolic syndrome was observed. A rationale for these results is proposed through the association between skipping breakfast and intermittent fasting.
Topics: Adult; Breakfast; Correlation of Data; Cross-Sectional Studies; Fasting; Female; Humans; Male; Metabolic Syndrome; Middle Aged; Nutrition Surveys; Republic of Korea; Risk Factors
PubMed: 32784810
DOI: 10.3390/medicina56080396