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International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular... (Review)
Review
Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies depression, different kinds of animal models of depression are used in laboratory experiments. However, a credible and reasonable animal model that is capable of imitating the pathologic mechanism of depression in mankind has yet to be found, resulting in a barrier to further investigation of depression. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain the pathologic mechanism of depression to a great extent by a rational modeling method and behavioral testing. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of some common animal depression models.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans
PubMed: 31569393
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194827 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Jun 2021Depressive disorder is one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology, worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the number of people... (Review)
Review
Depressive disorder is one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology, worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the number of people with depression, globally, is increasing dramatically with each year. Previous studies have demonstrated that various factors, including genetics and environmental stress, contribute to the risk of depression. As such, it is crucial to develop a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of depressive disorder and animal studies are essential for identifying the mechanisms and genetic disorders underlying depression. Recently, many researchers have reported on the pathology of depression via various models of depressive disorder. Given that different animal models of depression show differences in terms of patterns of depressive behavior and pathology, the comparison between depressive animal models is necessary for progress in the field of the depression study. However, the various animal models of depression have not been fully compared or evaluated until now. In this paper, we reviewed the pathophysiology of the depressive disorder and its current animal models with the analysis of their transcriptomic profiles. We provide insights for selecting different animal models for the study of depression.
Topics: Animals; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33650178
DOI: 10.1111/cns.13622 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Sep 2021Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for... (Review)
Review
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Rats; Reperfusion; Reproducibility of Results; Stroke
PubMed: 34557647
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12179 -
International Journal of Surgery... Dec 2019Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of... (Review)
Review
Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of disease pathophysiology and human anatomy can largely be attributed to preclinical investigations using various animal models. Recently, however, the scientific community, citing concerns about animal welfare as well as the validity and applicability of outcomes, has called the use of animals in research into question. In this review, we seek to summarize the current state of the use of animal models in research.
Topics: Animal Experimentation; Animal Testing Alternatives; Animal Welfare; Animals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Models, Animal; Research Design; Species Specificity; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 31627013
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.10.015 -
Chinese Medical Journal Oct 2019Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease of human beings characterized by not fully reversible airflow limitation. Emphysema... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common chronic respiratory disease of human beings characterized by not fully reversible airflow limitation. Emphysema is the main pathological feature of COPD which causes high mortality worldwide every year and consumes a large amount of medical expenses. This paper was to review the establishment and evaluation methods of animal models of emphysema or COPD, and put forward some new ideas on animal selection, method of modeling, and model evaluation.
DATA SOURCES
The author retrieved information from the PubMed database up to July 2019, using various combinations of search terms, including emphysema, model, and animal.
STUDY SELECTION
Original articles, reviews, and other articles were searched and reviewed for animal models of emphysema.
RESULTS
This review summarized animal models of emphysema from the perspectives of animal selection, emphysema mechanism, modeling method and model evaluation, and found that passive smoking is the classic method for developing animal model of emphysema, mice are more suitable for experimental study on emphysema. Compared with pulmonary function indicators, airway inflammation indicators and oxidative stress indicators, pathomorphological indicators of lung tissue are the most important parameters for evaluating the establishment of the animal model of emphysema.
CONCLUSIONS
Mice model induced by passive smoking is the classic animal model of emphysema. Pathomorphological indicators are the most important parameters for evaluating the establishment of the animal model of emphysema.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Inflammation; Pancreatic Elastase; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Pulmonary Emphysema; Nicotiana; Tobacco Smoke Pollution; Vagus Nerve Stimulation
PubMed: 31567388
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000000469 -
Progress in Retinal and Eye Research Mar 2020Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide. In order to further understand the molecular pathobiology of this disease and to develop better... (Review)
Review
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of vision impairment worldwide. In order to further understand the molecular pathobiology of this disease and to develop better therapies, clinically relevant animal models are necessary. In recent years, both the rat and mouse have become popular models in glaucoma research. Key reasons are: many important biological similarities shared among rodent eyes and the human eye; development of improved methods to induce glaucoma and to evaluate glaucomatous damage; availability of genetic tools in the mouse; as well as the relatively low cost of rodent studies. Commonly studied rat and mouse glaucoma models include intraocular pressure (IOP)-dependent and pressure-independent models. The pressure-dependent models address the most important risk factor of elevated IOP, whereas the pressure-independent models assess "normal tension" glaucoma and other "non-IOP" related factors associated with glaucomatous damage. The current article provides descriptions of these models, their characterizations, specific techniques to induce glaucoma, mechanisms of injury, advantages, and limitations.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Glaucoma; Intraocular Pressure; Optic Nerve; Retinal Ganglion Cells
PubMed: 31557521
DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2019.100799 -
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders... 2020The need of today's research is to develop successful and reliable diabetic animal models for understanding the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Enormous success... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The need of today's research is to develop successful and reliable diabetic animal models for understanding the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Enormous success of animal models had already been acclaimed for identifying key genetic and environmental factors like Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota. Furthermore, animal models had also helped in identifying many therapeutic targets and strategies for immune-intervention. In spite of a quite success, we have acknowledged that many of the discovered immunotherapies are working on animals and did not have a significant impact on human. Number of animal models were developed in the past to accelerate drug discovery pipeline. However, due to poor initial screening and assessment on inequivalent animal models, the percentage of drug candidates who succeeded during clinical trials was very low. Therefore, it is essential to bridge this gap between pre-clinical research and clinical trial by validating the existing animal models for consistency.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
In this review, we have discussed and evaluated the significance of animal models on behalf of published data on PUBMED. Amongst the most popular diabetic animal models, we have selected six animal models (e.g. BioBreeding rat, "LEW IDDM rat", "Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) mouse", "STZ RAT", "LEPR Mouse" and "Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat" and ranked them as per their published literature on PUBMED. Moreover, the vision and brief imagination for developing an advanced and robust diabetic model of 21st century was discussed with the theme of one miceone human concept including organs-on-chips.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Forecasting; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, Mutant Strains; Rats, Inbred BB; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, Zucker; Species Specificity; Streptozocin
PubMed: 31241444
DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190626143832 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2020Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent motor symptoms, but various non-motor symptoms (NMS)... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent motor symptoms, but various non-motor symptoms (NMS) often precede motor symptoms. Recently, NMS have attracted much attention as a clue for identifying patients in a prodromal stage of PD, which is an excellent point at which to administer disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). These prodromal symptoms include olfactory loss, constipation, and sleep disorders, especially rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), all of which are also important for elucidating the mechanisms of the initiation and progression of the disease. For the development of DMTs, an animal model that reproduces the prodromal stage of PD is also needed. There have been various mammalian models reported, including toxin-based, genetic, and alpha synuclein propagation models. In this article, we review the animal models that exhibit NMS as prodromal symptoms and also discuss an appropriate prodromal model and its importance for the development of DMT of PD.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Prodromal Symptoms
PubMed: 32183024
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061961 -
Cardiovascular Research Mar 2020Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is commonly present in patients with metabolic derangements and is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to... (Review)
Review
Coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) is commonly present in patients with metabolic derangements and is increasingly recognized as an important contributor to myocardial ischaemia, both in the presence and absence of epicardial coronary atherosclerosis. The latter condition is termed 'ischaemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease' (INOCA). Notwithstanding the high prevalence of INOCA, effective treatment remains elusive. Although to date there is no animal model for INOCA, animal models of CMD, one of the hallmarks of INOCA, offer excellent test models for enhancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of CMD and for investigating novel therapies. This article presents an overview of currently available experimental models of CMD-with an emphasis on metabolic derangements as risk factors-in dogs, swine, rabbits, rats, and mice. In all available animal models, metabolic derangements are most often induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) and/or diabetes mellitus via injection of alloxan or streptozotocin, but there is also a wide variety of spontaneous as well as transgenic animal models which develop metabolic derangements. Depending on the number, severity, and duration of exposure to risk factors-all these animal models show perturbations in coronary microvascular (endothelial) function and structure, similar to what has been observed in patients with INOCA and comorbid conditions. The use of these animal models will be instrumental in identifying novel therapeutic targets and for the subsequent development and testing of novel therapeutic interventions to combat ischaemic heart disease, the number one cause of death worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Cardiology; Coronary Circulation; Coronary Vessels; Disease Models, Animal; Energy Metabolism; Heart Diseases; Humans; Microcirculation; Microvessels; Nitrosative Stress; Oxidative Stress; Reactive Nitrogen Species; Reactive Oxygen Species; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 31926020
DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa002 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Dec 2021The kidneys are a vital organ that is vulnerable to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) which can be caused by numerous risk factors such as... (Review)
Review
The kidneys are a vital organ that is vulnerable to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) which can be caused by numerous risk factors such as ischemia, sepsis, drug toxicity and drug overdose, exposure to heavy metals, and diabetes. In spite of the advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD as well AKI transition to CKD, there is still no available therapeutics that can be used to combat kidney disease effectively, highlighting an urgent need to further study the pathological mechanisms underlying AKI, CKD, and AKI progression to CKD. In this regard, animal models of kidney disease are indispensable. This article reviews a widely used animal model of kidney disease, which is induced by folic acid (FA). While a low dose of FA is nutritionally beneficial, a high dose of FA is very toxic to the kidneys. Following a brief description of the procedure for disease induction by FA, major mechanisms of FA-induced kidney injury are then reviewed, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial abnormalities such as impaired bioenergetics and mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Finally, application of this FA-induced kidney disease model as a platform for testing the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Given that this animal model is simple to create and is reproducible, it should remain useful for both studying the pathological mechanisms of kidney disease and identifying therapeutic targets to fight kidney disease.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Folic Acid; Kidney; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
PubMed: 34977484
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12194