-
International Journal of Molecular... Sep 2019Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular... (Review)
Review
Depression has become one of the most severe psychiatric disorders and endangers the health of living beings all over the world. In order to explore the molecular mechanism that underlies depression, different kinds of animal models of depression are used in laboratory experiments. However, a credible and reasonable animal model that is capable of imitating the pathologic mechanism of depression in mankind has yet to be found, resulting in a barrier to further investigation of depression. Nevertheless, it is possible to explain the pathologic mechanism of depression to a great extent by a rational modeling method and behavioral testing. This review aims to provide a reference for researchers by comparing the advantages and disadvantages of some common animal depression models.
Topics: Animals; Behavior, Animal; Depression; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans
PubMed: 31569393
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194827 -
CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics Jun 2021Depressive disorder is one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology, worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the number of people... (Review)
Review
Depressive disorder is one of the most widespread forms of psychiatric pathology, worldwide. According to a report by the World Health Organization, the number of people with depression, globally, is increasing dramatically with each year. Previous studies have demonstrated that various factors, including genetics and environmental stress, contribute to the risk of depression. As such, it is crucial to develop a detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of depressive disorder and animal studies are essential for identifying the mechanisms and genetic disorders underlying depression. Recently, many researchers have reported on the pathology of depression via various models of depressive disorder. Given that different animal models of depression show differences in terms of patterns of depressive behavior and pathology, the comparison between depressive animal models is necessary for progress in the field of the depression study. However, the various animal models of depression have not been fully compared or evaluated until now. In this paper, we reviewed the pathophysiology of the depressive disorder and its current animal models with the analysis of their transcriptomic profiles. We provide insights for selecting different animal models for the study of depression.
Topics: Animals; Depressive Disorder; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Species Specificity
PubMed: 33650178
DOI: 10.1111/cns.13622 -
Animal Models and Experimental Medicine Sep 2021Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for... (Review)
Review
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery; Rats; Reperfusion; Reproducibility of Results; Stroke
PubMed: 34557647
DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12179 -
International Journal of Surgery... Dec 2019Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of... (Review)
Review
Animal models have provided invaluable information in the pursuit of medical knowledge and alleviation of human suffering. The foundations of our basic understanding of disease pathophysiology and human anatomy can largely be attributed to preclinical investigations using various animal models. Recently, however, the scientific community, citing concerns about animal welfare as well as the validity and applicability of outcomes, has called the use of animals in research into question. In this review, we seek to summarize the current state of the use of animal models in research.
Topics: Animal Experimentation; Animal Testing Alternatives; Animal Welfare; Animals; Data Interpretation, Statistical; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Models, Animal; Research Design; Species Specificity; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 31627013
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2019.10.015 -
Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders... 2020The need of today's research is to develop successful and reliable diabetic animal models for understanding the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Enormous success... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The need of today's research is to develop successful and reliable diabetic animal models for understanding the disease susceptibility and pathogenesis. Enormous success of animal models had already been acclaimed for identifying key genetic and environmental factors like Idd loci and effects of microorganisms including the gut microbiota. Furthermore, animal models had also helped in identifying many therapeutic targets and strategies for immune-intervention. In spite of a quite success, we have acknowledged that many of the discovered immunotherapies are working on animals and did not have a significant impact on human. Number of animal models were developed in the past to accelerate drug discovery pipeline. However, due to poor initial screening and assessment on inequivalent animal models, the percentage of drug candidates who succeeded during clinical trials was very low. Therefore, it is essential to bridge this gap between pre-clinical research and clinical trial by validating the existing animal models for consistency.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
In this review, we have discussed and evaluated the significance of animal models on behalf of published data on PUBMED. Amongst the most popular diabetic animal models, we have selected six animal models (e.g. BioBreeding rat, "LEW IDDM rat", "Nonobese Diabetic (NOD) mouse", "STZ RAT", "LEPR Mouse" and "Zucker Diabetic Fatty (ZDF) rat" and ranked them as per their published literature on PUBMED. Moreover, the vision and brief imagination for developing an advanced and robust diabetic model of 21st century was discussed with the theme of one miceone human concept including organs-on-chips.
Topics: Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Forecasting; Humans; Hypoglycemic Agents; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, Mutant Strains; Rats, Inbred BB; Rats, Inbred Lew; Rats, Zucker; Species Specificity; Streptozocin
PubMed: 31241444
DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666190626143832 -
European Journal of Pharmacology Dec 2017An ideal animal model of atherosclerosis resembles human anatomy and pathophysiology and has the potential to be used in medical and pharmaceutical research to obtain... (Review)
Review
An ideal animal model of atherosclerosis resembles human anatomy and pathophysiology and has the potential to be used in medical and pharmaceutical research to obtain results that can be extrapolated to human medicine. Moreover, it must be easy to acquire, can be maintained at a reasonable cost, is easy to handle and shares the topography of the lesions with humans. In general, animal models of atherosclerosis are based on accelerated plaque formation due to a cholesterol-rich/Western-type diet, manipulation of genes involved in the cholesterol metabolism, and the introduction of additional risk factors for atherosclerosis. Mouse and rabbit models have been mostly used, followed by pigs and non-human primates. Each of these models has its advantages and limitations. The mouse has become the predominant species to study experimental atherosclerosis because of its rapid reproduction, ease of genetic manipulation and its ability to monitor atherogenesis in a reasonable time frame. Both Apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE) and LDL-receptor (LDLr) knockout mice have been frequently used, but also ApoE/LDLr double-knockout, ApoE3-Leiden and PCSK9-AAV mice are valuable tools in atherosclerosis research. However, a great challenge was the development of a model in which intra-plaque microvessels, haemorrhages, spontaneous atherosclerotic plaque ruptures, myocardial infarction and sudden death occur consistently. These features are present in ApoEFbn1 mice, which can be used as a validated model in pre-clinical studies to evaluate novel plaque-stabilizing drugs.
Topics: Animals; Atherosclerosis; Disease Models, Animal; Plaque, Atherosclerotic
PubMed: 28483459
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.010 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2020Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent motor symptoms, but various non-motor symptoms (NMS)... (Review)
Review
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and subsequent motor symptoms, but various non-motor symptoms (NMS) often precede motor symptoms. Recently, NMS have attracted much attention as a clue for identifying patients in a prodromal stage of PD, which is an excellent point at which to administer disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). These prodromal symptoms include olfactory loss, constipation, and sleep disorders, especially rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD), all of which are also important for elucidating the mechanisms of the initiation and progression of the disease. For the development of DMTs, an animal model that reproduces the prodromal stage of PD is also needed. There have been various mammalian models reported, including toxin-based, genetic, and alpha synuclein propagation models. In this article, we review the animal models that exhibit NMS as prodromal symptoms and also discuss an appropriate prodromal model and its importance for the development of DMT of PD.
Topics: Animals; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Parkinson Disease; Prodromal Symptoms
PubMed: 32183024
DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061961 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... Feb 2016Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most commonly occurring forms of arthritis in the world today. It is a debilitating chronic illness causing pain and immense discomfort... (Review)
Review
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most commonly occurring forms of arthritis in the world today. It is a debilitating chronic illness causing pain and immense discomfort to the affected individual. Significant research is currently ongoing to understand its pathophysiology and develop successful treatment regimens based on this knowledge. Animal models have played a key role in achieving this goal. Animal models currently used to study osteoarthritis can be classified based on the etiology under investigation, primary osteoarthritis, and post-traumatic osteoarthritis, to better clarify the relationship between these models and the pathogenesis of the disease. Non-invasive animal models have shown significant promise in understanding early osteoarthritic changes. Imaging modalities play a pivotal role in understanding the pathogenesis of OA and the correlation with pain. These imaging studies would also allow in vivo surveillance of the disease as a function of time in the animal model. This review summarizes the current understanding of the disease pathogenesis, invasive and non-invasive animal models, imaging modalities, and pain assessment techniques in the animals.
Topics: Animals; Arthritis, Experimental; Biomarkers; Chronic Pain; Osteoarthritis; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 26837951
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-016-0346-5 -
Cells Apr 2023Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The... (Review)
Review
Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The pathophysiology driving the development of asthma is complex and heterogenous. Animal models have been and continue to be essential for the discovery of molecular pathways driving the pathophysiology of asthma and novel therapeutic approaches. Animal models of asthma may be induced or naturally occurring. Species used to study asthma include mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, sheep, horse, and nonhuman primate. Some of the aspects to consider when evaluating any of these asthma models are cost, labor, reagent availability, regulatory burden, relevance to natural disease in humans, type of lower airway inflammation, biological samples available for testing, and ultimately whether the model can answer the research question(s). This review aims to discuss the animal models most available for asthma investigation, with an emphasis on describing the inciting antigen/allergen, inflammatory response induced, and its translation to human asthma.
Topics: Humans; Mice; Rats; Animals; Guinea Pigs; Sheep; Horses; Dogs; Disease Models, Animal; Asthma; Proteins; Inflammation
PubMed: 37048164
DOI: 10.3390/cells12071091 -
Stem Cell Research & Therapy May 2023Incidence of premature ovarian failure (POF) is higher with the increase of the pace of life. The etiology of POF is very complex, which is closely related to genes,... (Review)
Review
Incidence of premature ovarian failure (POF) is higher with the increase of the pace of life. The etiology of POF is very complex, which is closely related to genes, immune diseases, drugs, surgery, and psychological factors. Ideal animal models and evaluation indexes are essential for drug development and mechanism research. In our review, we firstly summarize the modeling methods of different POF animal models and compare their advantages and disadvantages. Recently, stem cells are widely studied for tumor treatment and tissue repair with low immunogenicity, high homing ability, high ability to divide and self-renew. Hence, we secondly reviewed recently published data on transplantation of stem cells in the POF animal model and analyzed the possible mechanism of their function. With the further insights of immunological and gene therapy, the combination of stem cells with other therapies should be actively explored to promote the treatment of POF in the future. Our article may provide guidance and insight for POF animal model selection and new drug development.
Topics: Female; Humans; Animals; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Disease Models, Animal; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation
PubMed: 37202808
DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03333-4