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Seminars in Nuclear Medicine Mar 2020Within the last decades, there has been no major improvement in treatment of patients with glioma, especially with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which is related to... (Review)
Review
Within the last decades, there has been no major improvement in treatment of patients with glioma, especially with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which is related to specific features of this tumor type, such as heterogeneity at the macroscopic, microscopic and genetic level, the infiltrative nature of tumors and the obstacle of the brain-blood barrier which limits the accessability of most drugs. The current standard of care is surgical resection, followed by radio- and chemotherapy. After first-line treatment of the primary lesion, tumor recurrence is diagnosed in virtually all GBM patients. Treatment of tumor recurrence represents a challenging clinical task. Surgical resection to relief symptoms of mass effect and/or salvage chemotherapy are often considered as last therapeutic option. A new treatment option is urgently needed. Targeted alpha therapy with an intratumoral injection of Bi-DOTA-Substance P (SP) or Ac-DOTAGA-Substance P has been introduced into the therapeutic armamentarium of recurrent GBM. There are many advantages of using SP such as very high prevalence of increased NK-1 expression in GBM cells, regardless of the degree of malignancy, and expression of the NK-1 receptor system not only on the membrane of cancer cells but also strong expression of NK1 receptors within the tumor neovasculature suggesting concomitant targeting of vascular and neoplastic structures. Radioisotopes with different physical properties, mainly beta-emitting metallic radionuclides, were implemented for brain tumor treatment. Based on their radiophysical properties, however, alpha emitters exhibit more promising properties. In investigator-initiated phase I and II studies, targeted alpha therapy using Bi-213/Ac-225 radiolabeled Substance P for malignant gliomas compare favorably with standard therapy, with the limitation that no large controlled series have so far been generated. Further development should focus on the improvement of the biological and chemical properties of the compound and the application by dedicated catheter systems to improve the intratumoral distribution of the radiopharmaceutical within growth and infiltrative zone of these glial neoplasms.
Topics: Actinium; Bismuth; Glioma; Humans; Radioisotopes; Substance P
PubMed: 32172799
DOI: 10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2019.11.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... Apr 2021Calcium carbonate (CaCO)-based materials have received notable attention for biomedical applications owing to their safety and beneficial characteristics, such as pH...
Calcium carbonate (CaCO)-based materials have received notable attention for biomedical applications owing to their safety and beneficial characteristics, such as pH sensitivity, carbon dioxide (CO) gas generation, and antacid properties. Herein, to additionally incorporate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions, we prepared tannylated CaCO (TA-CaCO) materials using a simple reaction between tannic acid (TA), calcium (Ca), and carbonate (CO) ions. TA-CaCO synthesized at a molar ratio of 1:75 (TA:calcium chloride (CaCl)/sodium carbonate (NaCO)) showed 3-6 μm particles, comprising small nanoparticles in a size range of 17-41 nm. The TA-CaCO materials could efficiently neutralize the acid solution and scavenge free radicals. In addition, these materials could significantly reduce the mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory factors and intracellular reactive oxygen species, and protect chondrocytes from toxic hydrogen peroxide conditions. Thus, in addition to their antacid property, the prepared TA-CaCO materials exert excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects through the introduction of TA molecules. Therefore, TA-CaCO materials can potentially be used to treat inflammatory cells or diseases.
Topics: Antacids; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Calcium Carbonate; Cells, Cultured; Chondrocytes; Drug Delivery Systems; Humans; Tannins
PubMed: 33924775
DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094614 -
International Journal of Molecular... Dec 2022Bismuth-based nanostructures (BBNs) have attracted extensive research attention due to their tremendous development in the fields of photocatalysis and... (Review)
Review
Bismuth-based nanostructures (BBNs) have attracted extensive research attention due to their tremendous development in the fields of photocatalysis and electro-catalysis. BBNs are considered potential photocatalysts because of their easily tuned electronic properties by changing their chemical composition, surface morphology, crystal structure, and band energies. However, their photocatalytic performance is not satisfactory yet, which limits their use in practical applications. To date, the charge carrier behavior of surface-engineered bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts has been under study to harness abundant solar energy for pollutant degradation and water splitting. Therefore, in this review, photocatalytic concepts and surface engineering for improving charge transport and the separation of available photocatalysts are first introduced. Afterward, the different strategies mainly implemented for the improvement of the photocatalytic activity are considered, including different synthetic approaches, the engineering of nanostructures, the influence of phase structure, and the active species produced from heterojunctions. Photocatalytic enhancement via the surface plasmon resonance effect is also examined and the photocatalytic performance of the bismuth-based photocatalytic mechanism is elucidated and discussed in detail, considering the different semiconductor junctions. Based on recent reports, current challenges and future directions for designing and developing bismuth-based nanostructured photocatalysts for enhanced photoactivity and stability are summarized.
Topics: Bismuth; Photochemical Processes; Semiconductors; Nanostructures; Solar Energy; Catalysis
PubMed: 36614112
DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010663 -
Methylglyoxal, a highly reactive dicarbonyl compound, as a threat for blood brain barrier integrity.Fluids and Barriers of the CNS Oct 2023The brain is a highly metabolically active organ requiring a large amount of glucose. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a by-product of glucose metabolism, is known to be involved in... (Review)
Review
The brain is a highly metabolically active organ requiring a large amount of glucose. Methylglyoxal (MGO), a by-product of glucose metabolism, is known to be involved in microvascular dysfunction and is associated with reduced cognitive function. Maintenance of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential to maintain optimal brain function and a large amount of evidence indicates negative effects of MGO on BBB integrity. In this review, we summarized the current literature on the effect of MGO on the different cell types forming the BBB. BBB damage by MGO most likely occurs in brain endothelial cells and mural cells, while astrocytes are most resistant to MGO. Microglia on the other hand appear to be not directly influenced by MGO but rather produce MGO upon activation. Although there is clear evidence that MGO affects components of the BBB, the impact of MGO on the BBB as a multicellular system warrants further investigation. Diminishing MGO stress can potentially form the basis for new treatment strategies for maintaining optimal brain function.
Topics: Blood-Brain Barrier; Endothelial Cells; Pyruvaldehyde; Magnesium Oxide; Brain
PubMed: 37875994
DOI: 10.1186/s12987-023-00477-6 -
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases Apr 2024The mechanisms leading to lung fibrosis are still under investigation. This study aimed to demonstrate whether antacids could prevent the development of interstitial...
BACKGROUND
The mechanisms leading to lung fibrosis are still under investigation. This study aimed to demonstrate whether antacids could prevent the development of interstitial lung disease (ILD).
METHODS
This population-based longitudinal cohort study was conducted between January 2006 and December 2010 in South Korea. Eligible subjects were ≥40 years of age, exposed to proton pump inhibitors (PPI)±histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H-2 blockers) or H-2 blockers only, and had no history of ILD between 2004 and 2005. Exposure to antacids was defined as the administration of either PPI or H-2 receptor antagonists for >14 days, whereas underexposure was defined as antacid treatment administered for less than 14 days. Newly developed ILDs, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), were counted during the 5-year observation period. The association between antacid exposure and ILD development was evaluated using adjusted Cox regression models with variables, such as age, sex, smoking history, and comorbidities.
RESULTS
The incidence rates of ILD with/without antacid use were 43.2 and 33.8/100,000 person-years, respectively and those of IPF were 14.9 and 22.9/100,000 person-years, respectively. In multivariable analysis, exposure to antacid before the diagnosis of ILD was independently associated with a reduced development of ILD (hazard ratio [HR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.45 to 0.71; p<0.001), while antacid exposure was not associated with development of IPF (HR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.72 to 1.09; p=0.06).
CONCLUSION
Antacid exposure may be independently associated with a decreased risk of ILD development.
PubMed: 38111098
DOI: 10.4046/trd.2023.0093 -
The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology... Mar 2023This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of vonoprazan in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of vonoprazan in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori).
METHODS
A total of 120 cases of H. pylori-infected outpatients were selected and randomly divided into the traditional quadruple therapy, vonoprazan triple therapy, and vonoprazan quadruple therapy groups. The traditional quadruple therapy group patients were orally treated with esomeprazole (20 mg) 30 minutes before breakfast and supper, amoxicillin (1000 mg orally) 30 minutes after breakfast and supper, furazolidone (100 mg orally) 30 minutes after breakfast and supper, and bismuth potassium citrate (0.6 g orally) 30 minutes before breakfast and supper. The vonoprazan triple therapy group patients were treated with vonoprazan (20 mg orally) 30 minutes following breakfast and supper, amoxicillin (1000 mg orally) 30 minutes following breakfast and supper, and bismuth potassium citrate (0.6 g orally) 30 minutes before breakfast and supper. The vonoprazan quadruple therapy group patients were treated with vonoprazan (20 mg orally) 30 minutes following breakfast and supper, amoxicillin (1000 mg orally) 30 minutes after breakfast and supper, furazolidone (100 mg orally) 30 minutes after breakfast and supper, and bismuth potassium citrate (0.6 g orally) 30 minutes before breakfast and supper. The 3 groups were treated for 14 days, and adverse reactions, such as vomiting and abdominal distension, were recorded during the treatment period. The 14C urea breath test was used to detect whether H. pylori was successfully eradicated in the patients.
RESULTS
The eradication rates of the vonoprazan triple therapy, vonoprazan quadruple therapy, and the traditional quadruple therapy groups were 80%, 95%, and 97.5%, respectively. The eradication rate was higher in the vonoprazan triple therapy and in the vonoprazan quadruple therapy groups compared with that noted in the control group. The adverse reactions were mild in these groups, and the main adverse reactions were nausea, abdominal distension, diarrhea, and constipation. The adverse reaction rate was 25%, 7.5%, and 15%, respectively. This rate was lower in the vonoprazan triple therapy and vonoprazan quadruple therapy groups than that noted in the control group.
CONCLUSION
Both vonoprazan triple therapy and vonoprazan quadruple therapy regimens could increase the eradication rate of H. pylori. Vonoprazan triple therapy exhibited reduced side effects and could be applied in the eradication of H. pylori in the clinic.
Topics: Humans; Helicobacter Infections; Bismuth; Helicobacter pylori; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Furazolidone; Potassium Citrate; Drug Therapy, Combination; Amoxicillin; Treatment Outcome; Proton Pump Inhibitors
PubMed: 36511603
DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2022.211041 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020The research was focused on developing a potentially antibacterial wound dressing made of polyurethane foam and loaded with bismuth-ciprofloxacin (Cip-Bi). The Cip-Bi...
The research was focused on developing a potentially antibacterial wound dressing made of polyurethane foam and loaded with bismuth-ciprofloxacin (Cip-Bi). The Cip-Bi chemical structure was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis. The sought after antibacterial wound dressing was obtained by modification of the raw dressing with an iodine or bromine solution and subsequently with a Cip-Bi hydrogel. The amount of Cip-Bi loaded into the dressing matrix was determined indirectly on the basis of the differences in Cip-Bi concentrations, before and after the modification process, and the determination was performed with the HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) method. The modified dressing was found to have a two-step release of Cip-Bi, a feature helpful in the treatment of locally infected wounds and prevention of secondary bacterial infection. The zone of inhibition test against the selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria confirmed the antibacterial activity of the Cip-Bi-modified dressing. Preliminary tests conducted so far have been indicative of the Cip-Bi dressing's relatively high activity against the tested organisms.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bandages; Bismuth; Ciprofloxacin; Escherichia coli; Humans; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Staphylococcus aureus
PubMed: 33153027
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215096 -
Biomaterials Advances Mar 2022One of the most common magnesium (Mg) applications in the biomedical field is in cardiovascular stents. Although Mg is an essential element for homeostasis, Mg is highly...
One of the most common magnesium (Mg) applications in the biomedical field is in cardiovascular stents. Although Mg is an essential element for homeostasis, Mg is highly reactive, and locally high Mg concentrations can have toxic effects on the surrounding tissue. One strategy to circumvent the Mg toxicity is using coatings or surface modifications that prevent the leaching of excessive Mg ions. In the current study, commercially pure magnesium (c.p Mg) was modified through plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) to produce a protective coating primarily composed of Mg oxide (MgO) and Mg hydroxide (Mg(OH)), which limits leaching of free Mg ions from the base material. As we intend to use this material to produce vascular stents, a biological evaluation of its performance is warranted. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were the study object. The leaching of free Mg ions from the oxidized materials was investigated, as was its effect on local pH changes. We also investigated the influence of corrosion products, the effects of elevated free Mg concentrations and pH on the cellular behavior on the integrity of monolayers of HUVECs was studied in a static and dynamic model. Results showed that the harmful effect of Mg on cells due to changes in pH and a high concentration of Mg ions could decrease with the influence of flow diffusing corrosion products such as MgO, Mg(OH), and H among the system. Independently, Mg concentration and pH affected the cell activity of SMCs and HUVECs. Finally, to investigate the influence of leachables on vasomotor function, we exposed porcine aortic rings to PEO-modified Mg stents and assessed endothelial-dependent relaxation. Pure Mg reduced vasorelaxation from 100% in control samples to 30%. Oppositely, PEO-modified Mg did not affect the vasomotor function. Overall, we conclude from this study that the use of PEO coatings reduces the degradation rate of the material reducing the Mg release resulting in better cell viability and vessel function compared to the bare material.
Topics: Alloys; Animals; Coated Materials, Biocompatible; Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells; Humans; Magnesium; Magnesium Hydroxide; Magnesium Oxide; Swine
PubMed: 35581088
DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112693 -
Diseases of the Esophagus : Official... Sep 2023Surgical intervention for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has historically been limited to fundoplication. Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is a less...
Surgical intervention for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has historically been limited to fundoplication. Magnetic sphincter augmentation (MSA) is a less invasive alternative that was introduced 15 years ago, and it may have a superior side-effect profile. To date, however, there has been just a single published study reporting outcomes in a UK population. This study reports quality-of-life (QOL) outcomes and antacid use in patients undergoing MSA, with a particular focus on postoperative symptoms and those with severe reflux. A single-center cohort study was carried out to assess the QOL outcomes and report long-term safety outcomes in patients undergoing MSA. GERD-health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL) and Reflux Symptom Index (RSI) scores were collected preoperatively, and immediately postoperatively, at 1-, 2-, 3-, and 5-year follow-up time points. All patients underwent preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy, impedance, and manometry. Two hundred and two patients underwent laparoscopic MSA over 9 years. The median preoperative GERD-HRQL score was 31, and the median RSI score was 17. There was a reduction in all scores from preoperative values to each time point, which was sustained at 5-year follow-up; 13% of patients had a preoperative DeMeester score of >50, and their median preoperative GERD-HRQL and RSI scores were 32 and 15.5, respectively. These were reduced to 0 at the most recent follow-up. There was a significant reduction in antacid use at all postoperative time points. Postoperative dilatation was necessary in 7.4% of patients, and the device was removed in 1.4%. Erosion occurred in no patients. MSA is safe and effective at reducing symptom burden and improving QOL scores in patients with both esophageal and laryngopharyngeal symptoms, including those with severe reflux.
Topics: Humans; Quality of Life; Cohort Studies; Esophageal Sphincter, Lower; Antacids; Retrospective Studies; Treatment Outcome; Gastroesophageal Reflux; Fundoplication; Laparoscopy; Magnetic Phenomena
PubMed: 36942526
DOI: 10.1093/dote/doad014 -
Frontiers in Chemistry 2023Gairika (red ochre) has a long history of influencing human civilization. Gairika is a rich source of nutrients used for reproductive and brain health. Gairika is...
Establishment of the mechanism of purification and levigation of green chemistry-assisted biocomposites of red ochre (Gairika): synthesis, characterization, and antibacterial, prebiotic, antioxidant, and antacid activities of the traditional Ayurvedic medicine Laghu Sutashekhara Rasa.
Gairika (red ochre) has a long history of influencing human civilization. Gairika is a rich source of nutrients used for reproductive and brain health. Gairika is mentioned as an antacid drug in Indian Ayurvedic medicine under Laghu Sutashekhara Rasa (LSR). However, a detailed study on LSR has not been reported to date. In the present study, LSR was prepared, and a pharmaceutical SOP (standardization procedure) was reported to obtain batch-to-batch reproducibility. LSR was characterized using FTIR, XRD, SEM-EDX, and TGA analyses. LSR was tested for its antacid activity. Advanced instrumentation revealed that LSR formation produced symmetrical particles (5-8 µm) with kaolin, kaolinite, quartz, goethite, and hematite, along with the phytoconstituents of Goghrita (clarified cow's butter), Shunthi, and Nagawalli, as confirmed by GC-MS/MS analysis. The FTIR study revealed the formation of a chelating complex of goethite and hematite along with their phytoconstituents. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of kaolin, kaolinite, quartz, goethite, and hematite. Using antacid experiments, LSR and Shunthi demonstrated significant antacid activity as compared to antacid drugs and standards in the market, such as CaCO. The DPPH assay revealed IC values of 12.16 ± 1.23 mg/mL, which is 0.0029 of Trolox-equivalent antioxidant activity. The inhibition (18 ± 4 mm) against pathogens (. , , , and . ) and the prominent growth of gut microbiota-supported strains (, . , and ) observed on LSR formulation were indicative of LSR application as a prebiotic. Here, the mechanism of purification and levigation mentioned in the classical literature of LSR was established. Overall, purification of Gairika with cow ghee and levigation with Nagawalli may enhance the solubility, bioavailability, and shelf-life of LSR through hydration and co-crystallization mechanisms. This is the first comprehensive report on the pharmaceutical validation of LSR and its characterization. The results of the present study could contribute to the development and reliable reproduction of LSR and the utility of environmental red ochre as a medicine in combination with Shunthi ( Roxb.), as prescribed under Indian Ayurvedic medicine.
PubMed: 38075496
DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1271157