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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022Antioxidants are food additives largely employed to inhibit oxidative reactions in foodstuffs rich in oils and fat lipids, extending the shelf life of foodstuffs and... (Review)
Review
Antioxidants are food additives largely employed to inhibit oxidative reactions in foodstuffs rich in oils and fat lipids, extending the shelf life of foodstuffs and inhibiting alterations in color, flavor, smell, and loss of nutritional value. However, various research has demonstrated that the inadequate use of synthetic antioxidants results in environmental and health problems due to the fact that some of these compounds present toxicity, and their presence in the human body, in high concentrations, is related to the development of some cancer types and other diseases. Therefore, the development of analytical methods for identifying and quantifying synthetic antioxidants in foodstuffs is fundamental to quality control and in ensuring consumer food safety. This review describes the recent chromatographic and electrochemical techniques used in the detection of synthetic phenolic antioxidants in foodstuffs, highlighting the main characteristics, advantages and disadvantages of these methods, and specific typical features, which include extraction methods for sample preparation and materials used in the working electrode construction, considering chromatographic and voltammetric methods, since these specific features influence the efficiency in the analysis.
Topics: Humans; Antioxidants; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Food Additives; Phenols; Plant Oils; Butylated Hydroxytoluene
PubMed: 36296730
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27207137 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... May 2022Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific...
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a feed additive for all animal species. The additive BHT is considered safe for chickens for fattening and weaned piglets at the maximum proposed concentration of 150 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion is extended to chickens reared for laying and extrapolated to pigs for fattening. In the absence of data, no conclusion on the safety for the other target species could be drawn. The exposure of the consumer to BHT from tissues and products of animals fed the additive ranged from 1% to 3% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of BHT as a feed additive at the proposed conditions of use is of no concern for the safety of the consumers. Exposure of the user to BHT via inhalation is likely; however, the Panel is not in the position to conclude on the potential inhalation toxicity of the additive. BHT is a skin and eye irritant, no conclusions can be drawn on the potential of the additive to be a skin sensitiser. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of BHT for the environment. The additive BHT is considered an efficacious antioxidant in feedingstuffs for all animal species.
PubMed: 35582370
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7287 -
EFSA Journal. European Food Safety... May 2022Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific...
Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a feed additive for all animal species. The additive BHT is considered safe for chickens for fattening and weaned piglets at the maximum proposed concentration of 150 mg/kg complete feed. This conclusion is extended to chickens reared for laying and extrapolated to pigs for fattening. In the absence of data, no conclusion on the safety for the other target species could be drawn. The exposure of the consumer to BHT from tissues and products of animals fed the additive ranged from 1% to 3% of the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The FEEDAP Panel concluded that the use of BHT as a feed additive at the proposed conditions of use is of no concern for the safety of the consumers. Exposure of the user to BHT via inhalation is likely; however, the Panel is not in the position to conclude on the potential inhalation toxicity of the additive. BHT is a skin and eye irritant, no conclusions can be drawn on the potential of the additive to be a skin sensitiser. In the absence of data, the FEEDAP Panel cannot conclude on the safety of BHT for the environment. The additive BHT is considered an efficacious antioxidant in feedingstuffs for all animal species.
PubMed: 35515336
DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7286 -
PloS One 2022The present study assessed nutritional status, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content in fruits, i.e., mango (Mangifera indica), apple (Malus domestica), and...
The present study assessed nutritional status, antioxidant activity, and total phenolic content in fruits, i.e., mango (Mangifera indica), apple (Malus domestica), and vegetable, i.e., bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria), and ridge gourd (Luffa acutangula) peels. The antioxidant activity and total phenolic content (TPC) were evaluated by using methanol extracts along with 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) assay, respectively having Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and Gallic acid (GA) as standard. The TPC and antioxidant activity in the peels ranged from 20 mg GAE/g to 525 mg GAE/g and 15.02% to 75.95%, respectively, which revealed that investigated fruit and vegetable peels are rich source of phytochemical constituents. Bottle gourd peels exhibited the highest value of DPPH compared to the rest of the peels included in the study. Likewise, mango peels had the highest TPC as compared to the rest of the fruit peels. This research showed that the utilization of agricultural wastes should be promoted at commercial level to achieve the nutritional benefit at zero cost and minimize the generation of biological waste.
Topics: Antioxidants; Fruit; Malus; Mangifera; Nutritional Status; Phenols; Plant Extracts; Vegetables
PubMed: 35552543
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265566 -
Food Chemistry: X Oct 2023The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) and essential oil (EO) of L. seed (forms of nanoliposome and free) on bacteriological, chemical and...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) and essential oil (EO) of L. seed (forms of nanoliposome and free) on bacteriological, chemical and sensory properties of minced meat during storage. In this research, (gram negative) and (gram positive) were used to examine the effect of these compounds on meat. The particle sizes (z-average diameter) of prepared nanoliposomes of EO and GA were in the range of 141 to 165 nm and 146-160 nm, respectively and the efficiency of encapsulation (EE %) in the current research was 51.76-69.8% in nano EO (NEO) and 53.23-67.07% in nano gallic acid (-GA). Also, the outcomes indicated the treatment containing nano-liposomes had a better antimicrobial effect in both of bacteria. In present study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of GA, -GA, EO and NEO for was 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.01 and 0.62 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively, and for was 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.62 ± 0.01, 1.25 ± 0.1 and 1.25 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Also, the results showed MBC (The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) of GA, -GA, EO and NEO for was 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.03, 1.25 ± 0.1 and 1.25 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively, and for was0.62 ± 0.01, 1.25 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. The highest and lowest of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were detected, in the Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 200 and EO1%, respectively. Furthermore, after 18 day, minimum pH and Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value were related to the N-GA2% on with pH = 6.5 and NEO group (27 mg N/100 g), respectively. Finally, the treatment of NEO showed a higher acceptance score of sensory evaluation after 18 days. According to the outcomes of current investigation, the use of nanocapsulated EO and GA are effective (as a coating for food storage) and can increase the shelf life of minced meat.
PubMed: 37780295
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100842 -
Plants (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2021Melaleuca is one of the genera of the Myrtaceae family enriched in tea tree oil (TTO). Tea tree oils of and are of prime importance and have antioxidant and... (Review)
Review
Melaleuca is one of the genera of the Myrtaceae family enriched in tea tree oil (TTO). Tea tree oils of and are of prime importance and have antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Terpinen-4-ol and 1-8 cineole are major constituents of oil. The percentages of the compounds in the oils can slightly vary according to the region of plant harvest, the distillation technique, or the part of the plant used for oil extraction. TTO has a bactericidal effect against various bacterial species such as , , , , and . Several reports proved that this essential oil is also effective against fungal strains of , , and species. It also has antioxidant properties such as radical scavenging activity and reducing power. The antioxidant properties of TTO at a concentration of 30 mM were observed to be greater than those of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), commonly used as a synthetic antioxidant. TTO is also an effective organic fungicide, herbicide, and insecticide for use in the agriculture sector. Postharvest application of the oil has been found efficient on sweet basil, citrus, and strawberry. It is concluded that tea tree oil has the potential to be used in the food, agriculture, and pharmaceutical industries as a natural antimicrobial and preservative agent. This review provides comprehensive information regarding the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of tea tree oil and its potential applications in agriculture.
PubMed: 34685914
DOI: 10.3390/plants10102105 -
Food Science of Animal Resources Jul 2022The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of polysaccharide (LBP) on lipid oxidation and protein degradation in Tan sheep meatballs during the...
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of polysaccharide (LBP) on lipid oxidation and protein degradation in Tan sheep meatballs during the frozen period. The meatballs were treated with LBP at 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% and stored at -18±1°C for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks. The effects of LBP treatment were investigated using the contents of total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), texture profile (TP), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), colour, and pH values, compared with 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene treatment and the blank control. The results showed that LBP treatment significantly decreased TBARS content compared with the control, which confirmed LBP to be a highly effective component in preventing lipid oxidation of Tan sheep meatballs during frozen storage, and protein degradation in Tan sheep meatballs had a significant inhibition effect because of TVB-N value reduction. In addition, the colour, TP and pH values of meatballs treated with LBP were improved dramatically. To further determine the quality changes of the blank control and all treated groups during storage, the comprehensive score evaluation equation based on principal component analysis was obtained: Y=0.51632Y+0.29589Y (cumulative contribution rate=81.221%), and the 0.02% LBP-treated group had a higher comprehensive score than the other groups, and the quality of LBP-treated meatballs was better as well. In summary, LBP may reduce or inhibit lipid oxidation and protein degradation, and enhance overall quality and shelf-life in prepared meat products.
PubMed: 35855275
DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e23 -
ArXiv Feb 2021To discover candidate drugs to repurpose for COVID-19 using literature-derived knowledge and knowledge graph completion methods.
OBJECTIVE
To discover candidate drugs to repurpose for COVID-19 using literature-derived knowledge and knowledge graph completion methods.
METHODS
We propose a novel, integrative, and neural network-based literature-based discovery (LBD) approach to identify drug candidates from both PubMed and COVID-19-focused research literature. Our approach relies on semantic triples extracted using SemRep (via SemMedDB). We identified an informative subset of semantic triples using filtering rules and an accuracy classifier developed on a BERT variant, and used this subset to construct a knowledge graph. Five SOTA, neural knowledge graph completion algorithms were used to predict drug repurposing candidates. The models were trained and assessed using a time slicing approach and the predicted drugs were compared with a list of drugs reported in the literature and evaluated in clinical trials. These models were complemented by a discovery pattern-based approach.
RESULTS
Accuracy classifier based on PubMedBERT achieved the best performance (F1= 0.854) in classifying semantic predications. Among five knowledge graph completion models, TransE outperformed others (MR = 0.923, Hits@1=0.417). Some known drugs linked to COVID-19 in the literature were identified, as well as some candidate drugs that have not yet been studied. Discovery patterns enabled generation of plausible hypotheses regarding the relationships between the candidate drugs and COVID-19. Among them, five highly ranked and novel drugs (paclitaxel, SB 203580, alpha 2-antiplasmin, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, and butylated hydroxytoluene) with their mechanistic explanations were further discussed.
CONCLUSION
We show that an LBD approach can be feasible for discovering drug candidates for COVID-19, and for generating mechanistic explanations. Our approach can be generalized to other diseases as well as to other clinical questions.
PubMed: 33564698
DOI: No ID Found -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Dec 2020Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal, well-known for its dangerous health effects on human. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a phenolic component generally consumed as a food...
Mercury (Hg) is a toxic metal, well-known for its dangerous health effects on human. Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is a phenolic component generally consumed as a food additive as an antioxidant. However, BHT induced antioxidant properties against heavy metals-influenced toxicity are little studied. We hypothesized that BHT has a regulatory effect on Hg-induced cytotoxicity. The objective of this research was to assess the protecting effects of BHT against inorganic Hg (iHg)-toxicity in PC12 cells, where cells were treated with/without HgCl (Hg) (5 μM) and BHT (100 μM) for 48 h and analyzed further. Cells treated by Hg caused a significant cell viability reduction, membrane damage, glutathione reduction, DNA fragmentation, ROS generation, with suppressed expressions of akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO1; and elevated apoptotic expressions of p53, Bax, cytochrome c and active caspase 3. However, BHT and Hg co-exposure showed prevention against Hg-toxicity by improving GSH content and inhibiting ROS generation and oxidative stress mediated damages. Additionally, BHT co-treatment inverted the pro-apoptotic proteins by augmenting pro-survival regulatory proteins akt, mTOR, ERK1, Nrf2 and HO1. These findings proved that BHT inhibits Hg-toxicity, hindering ROS generation and intrinsic apoptosis, via enhancing glutathione and antioxidants; and suggested BHT implications as therapeutic.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Cell Survival; Mitochondria; PC12 Cells; Rats
PubMed: 33091556
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111819 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020Apple ring rot caused by is an important disease in China, which leads to serious economic losses during storage. Plant activators are compounds that induce resistance...
Apple ring rot caused by is an important disease in China, which leads to serious economic losses during storage. Plant activators are compounds that induce resistance against pathogen infection and are considered as a promising alternative strategy to traditional chemical treatment. In the present study, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), a potential plant activator, was evaluated for its induced resistance against in postharvest apple fruits. The physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in induced resistance were also explored. The results showed that BHT treatment could trigger strong resistance in apple fruits against , and the optimum concentration was 200 μmol L by immersion of fruits. BHT treatment significantly increased the activities of four defensive enzymes and alleviated lipid peroxidation by increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) content was enhanced by BHT treatment as well as the expression of three SA biosynthesis-related genes (, , and ) and two defense genes ( and ). Our results suggest that BHT-conferred resistance against might be mainly through increasing the activities of defense-related enzymes and activating SA signaling pathway, which may provide an alternative strategy to control apple ring rot in postharvest fruits.
PubMed: 33519739
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.599062