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Environmental Health Perspectives Jun 2023Diminished/decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder of ovarian function, which severely affects women's reproductive health. Accumulating evidence has found that...
BACKGROUND
Diminished/decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) is a disorder of ovarian function, which severely affects women's reproductive health. Accumulating evidence has found that adverse environmental factors can affect ovarian function. However, whether synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) exposure is associated with DOR is still unknown.
OBJECTIVES
We explored whether concentrations of SPAs and their metabolites are associated with DOR.
METHODS
A case-control study was conducted from January 2019 to January 2020 in China. One hundred eighty-one women 20-44 years of age, with (case group, ) and without DOR (control group, ) were included in our study. The follicular fluid concentrations of typical SPAs and their metabolites were measured, including butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), -butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and five BHT metabolites [3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxy-benzylalcohol (BHT-OH), 3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 3,5-di--butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), 2,6-di--butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di--butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methylcyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one (BHT-quinol)]. Information about serum basal concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol (E2), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and the basal antral follicle count (AFC) was collected.
RESULTS
The measured frequencies of BHA, TBHQ, BHT, BHT-OH, BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, BHT-Q, and BHT-quinol in follicular fluid were 1.7%, 2.2%, 40.3%, 46.4%, 57.5%, 100%, 64.6%, and 49.2%, respectively. The concentrations of BHT-CHO ( vs. , ), BHT-COOH ( vs. , ), BHT-Q ( vs. , ), and the sum of five BHT metabolites (; vs. , ) in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The risk of DOR was further analyzed according to the tertiles of chemical concentration. Compared with the low levels of BHT metabolites, the adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for DOR were significantly increased in the high levels of BHT-CHO [, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.22, 8.31, ], BHT-COOH [ (95% CI: 1.63, 13.71), ], and BHT-Q [ (95% CI: 1.69, 11.86), ] after adjusting for age, body mass index, education, infertility type, triglycerides, and total cholesterol. Moreover, compared with the low level of , increased adjusted ORs for DOR were found both in the middle level [ (95% CI: 1.44, 11.75), ] and high level [ (95% CI: 1.81, 16.77), ], showing an obvious dose-response relationship ().
CONCLUSION
In this study, we report the measured frequency and concentrations of BHA, TBHQ, BHT, and their metabolites in follicular fluid. Moreover, we found the concentrations of BHT metabolites, especially BHT-CHO, BHT-COOH, and BHT-Q, are positively associated with the increased risk of DOR. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11309.
Topics: Female; Humans; Antioxidants; Hydroquinones; Case-Control Studies; Follicular Fluid; Ovarian Reserve; Phenols
PubMed: 37267061
DOI: 10.1289/EHP11309 -
Cureus Mar 2024Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern associated with systemic as well as oral complications. The preventive antioxidants found in saliva naturally...
BACKGROUND
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern associated with systemic as well as oral complications. The preventive antioxidants found in saliva naturally reduce the damaging effects of reactive oxygen molecules. Any disruption to the regular functioning of these antioxidants may lead to oxidative stress, which could boost an individual's vulnerability to oral diseases. Diabetes patients are vulnerable to various dental complications, such as oral mucosal disorders, dental caries, dry mouth, and periodontal disease.
AIM
This study aimed to assess the salivary butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ascorbic acid (AA) levels in patients with controlled and uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study included samples from patients aged 45-65. Group I consisted of 20 controlled diabetic patients, and Group II consisted of 20 uncontrolled diabetic patients. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from both groups, and laboratory analysis was done. Salivary BHT and AA levels were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and spectrophotometric assay.
RESULTS
Salivary butylated hydroxytoluene levels were found to be higher in the uncontrolled diabetic group than in the controlled diabetic group, and salivary AA levels were found to be higher in the controlled diabetic group than in the uncontrolled diabetic group. The mean ± standard deviation (SD) values of butylated hydroxytoluene among controlled and uncontrolled diabetic patients were 2.98 ± 0.12 and 2.99 ± 0.11 absorbance units, respectively. The mean ± SD value of AA in the controlled group was found to be 2.99 ± 0.15 absorbance units, and the mean ± SD value of AA in the uncontrolled group was 2.64 ± 0.96 absorbance units. However, it has been found that there is no statistically significant difference between salivary BHT and AA levels among controlled and uncontrolled diabetics, with p-values of 0.867 and 0.419, respectively.
CONCLUSION
Values of salivary biochemical markers were distinctly different between controlled and uncontrolled diabetic groups. However, to establish a definite role of salivary BHT and AA levels as biomarkers in managing and monitoring type 2 diabetes, future studies are required, even though the trends exhibit possible alterations in biomarkers.
PubMed: 38646241
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.56590 -
Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2023This review describes the antioxidant activity of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and a partial or entire substitute for synthetic antioxidants. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
This review describes the antioxidant activity of flavonoids as a subgroup of polyphenols and a partial or entire substitute for synthetic antioxidants.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
All relevant databases were searched using the terms "Phytochemical", "Polyphenol", and "Flavonoid".
RESULTS
The oxidative reaction caused by free radicals is a reason for food spoilage, which causes unpleasant odor, loss of taste, and damaged tissues. The common antioxidants employed in foods include butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, propyl gallate, and tert-butyl hydroquinone. Despite their high efficiency and potency, synthetic antioxidants have adverse effects on the human body, such as causing mutation and carcinogenicity. A whole and a group of them known as polyphenols possess high antioxidant activity. These compounds are potential antioxidants due to their capabilities such as scavenging free radicals, donating hydrogen atoms, and chelating metal cations. The antioxidant mechanism of action of flavonoids is transferring hydrogen atom to free radicals. Accordingly, the more the flavonoid structure makes the hydrogen transfer faster and easier, the more the flavonoid's antioxidant power will be. Therefore, the antioxidant activity of the flavonoids with hydroxyl groups in their structure is the highest among different flavonoids.
CONCLUSION
In addition to health promotion and some disease prevention effects, various investigations have indicated that flavonoids possess high antioxidant activity that is comparable with synthetic antioxidants. However, to be commercially available, these compounds should be extracted from a low-price source with a high-performance method.
PubMed: 37663389
DOI: 10.22038/AJP.2023.21774 -
Food Chemistry: X Oct 2023The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) and essential oil (EO) of L. seed (forms of nanoliposome and free) on bacteriological, chemical and...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gallic acid (GA) and essential oil (EO) of L. seed (forms of nanoliposome and free) on bacteriological, chemical and sensory properties of minced meat during storage. In this research, (gram negative) and (gram positive) were used to examine the effect of these compounds on meat. The particle sizes (z-average diameter) of prepared nanoliposomes of EO and GA were in the range of 141 to 165 nm and 146-160 nm, respectively and the efficiency of encapsulation (EE %) in the current research was 51.76-69.8% in nano EO (NEO) and 53.23-67.07% in nano gallic acid (-GA). Also, the outcomes indicated the treatment containing nano-liposomes had a better antimicrobial effect in both of bacteria. In present study, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of GA, -GA, EO and NEO for was 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.01 and 0.62 ± 0.01 mg/mL, respectively, and for was 0.62 ± 0.01, 0.62 ± 0.01, 1.25 ± 0.1 and 1.25 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. Also, the results showed MBC (The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration) of GA, -GA, EO and NEO for was 0.62 ± 0.02, 0.62 ± 0.03, 1.25 ± 0.1 and 1.25 ± 0.1 mg/mL, respectively, and for was0.62 ± 0.01, 1.25 ± 0.1, 2.5 ± 0.2, 2.5 ± 0.2 mg/mL, respectively. The highest and lowest of 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging were detected, in the Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) 200 and EO1%, respectively. Furthermore, after 18 day, minimum pH and Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) value were related to the N-GA2% on with pH = 6.5 and NEO group (27 mg N/100 g), respectively. Finally, the treatment of NEO showed a higher acceptance score of sensory evaluation after 18 days. According to the outcomes of current investigation, the use of nanocapsulated EO and GA are effective (as a coating for food storage) and can increase the shelf life of minced meat.
PubMed: 37780295
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100842 -
Practical Laboratory Medicine Mar 2024Clinical and epidemiological studies employ long-term temperature storage but the effect of temperature on the stability of oxidative stress (OS) markers is unknown. We...
BACKGROUND
Clinical and epidemiological studies employ long-term temperature storage but the effect of temperature on the stability of oxidative stress (OS) markers is unknown. We investigated the effects of storage at -20 °C and -80 °C over 4-9 months on F-isoprostanes (F-IsoP) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels in urine of children, a population group among whom the measurement of these markers is still limited.
METHODS
Paired spot urine samples from 87 children aged 8.9-16.9 years (52.9% boys) were analyzed. Samples were preserved with 0.005% (w/v) butylated hydroxytoluene, portioned and stored within 2.5 h (median) of collection. Samples were analyzed in duplicate or triplicate using commercial ELISA kits and their correlations were evaluated.
RESULTS
F-IsoP and 8-OHdG showed high correlations (Spearman rho of 0.90 and 0.97, respectively; P < 0.0001) with storage at -20 °C and -80 °C. There was a strong agreement among categories of values for F-IsoP (Kappa = 0.76 ± 0.08, agreement = 83.9%, P < 0.0001) and 8-OHdG: (Kappa = 0.83 ± 0.08, agreement = 88.4%, P < 0.0001). The correlation between the temperatures for F-IsoP concentrations was also high when stored for <4 (0.93), 4 (0.93), and 5 months (0.88), all P < 0.0001. For 8-OHdG, Spearman correlations at <8, 8, and 9 months of storage at -20 °C and -80 °C were 0.95, 0.98, and 0.96 (all P < 0.0001), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Urine storage with BHT for up to nine months at a temperature of -20 °C to -80 °C yields highly comparable concentrations of F-IsoP and 8-OHdG.
PubMed: 38420043
DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2024.e00373 -
International Journal of Molecular... Jul 2023Cells produce free radicals and antioxidants when exposed to toxic compounds during cellular metabolism. However, free radicals are deleterious to lipids, proteins, and...
Cells produce free radicals and antioxidants when exposed to toxic compounds during cellular metabolism. However, free radicals are deleterious to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Antioxidants neutralize and eliminate free radicals from cells, preventing cell damage. Therefore, the study aims to determine whether the antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) will ameliorate the maximum dose of acrylamide and alpha (α)-solanine synergistic toxic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. These toxic compounds are consumed worldwide by eating potato products. BEAS-2B cells were simultaneously treated with BHA 10 μM and BHT 20 μM and incubated in a 5% CO humidified incubator for 24 h, followed by individual or combined treatment with acrylamide (3.5 mM) and α-solanine (44 mM) for 48 h, including the controls. Cell morphology, DNA, RNA, and protein were analyzed. The antioxidants did not prevent acrylamide and α-solanine synergistic effects in exposed BEAS-2B cells. However, cell morphology was altered; polymerase chain reaction (PCR) showed reduced RNA constituents but not DNA. In addition, the toxic compounds synergistically inhibited AKT/PKB expression and its downstream genes. The study showed BHA and BHT are not protective against the synergetic toxic effects of acrylamide and α-solanine in exposed BEAS-2B cells.
Topics: Antioxidants; Solanine; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Acrylamide; Proteins; DNA; RNA
PubMed: 37569330
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241511956 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2024Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are two antioxidants that have been extensively used in many applications. Both are well known for...
Spectrofluorimetric determination of butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole in their combined formulation: application to butylated hydroxyanisole residual analysis in milk and butter.
Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) are two antioxidants that have been extensively used in many applications. Both are well known for their debatable health risks due to their multiple intake sources. Therefore, conservative limits are set for them in different regulations adapted to the matrices in which they exist. Here we present a simple spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of BHT and BHA based on their native fluorescence and synchronous scanning mode. The type of solvent and the interval between emission and excitation wavelengths were carefully optimized. Under the optimized conditions, good linearities were obtained between the emission intensity and the corresponding concentrations of BHT and BHA over the range of 3-18 µg/mL and 0.1-7 µg/mL, respectively with a good correlation coefficient (r > 0.99). The limits of detection were 0.9 and 0.02 µg/mL, and the quantification limits were 3 and 0.05 µg/mL for BHT and BHA, respectively. The suggested procedure was validated according to ICH guidelines Q2 (R1). Furthermore, the method's greenness was assessed by three different methods, and it proved to be eco-reasonable. The method was successfully applied to the determination of BHT and BHA in pharmaceutical formulations. We also applied the suggested method for monitoring the residual BHA in conventional, powdered milk and butter, with good recovery in spiked samples.
Topics: Animals; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Butylated Hydroxyanisole; Milk; Butter; Spectrometry, Fluorescence; Antioxidants
PubMed: 38402246
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54483-1 -
Heliyon Sep 2023The current study sought to examine the pharmacological potentials of crude methanolic extracts of and , as well as their various solvent fractionates, with a focus on...
The current study sought to examine the pharmacological potentials of crude methanolic extracts of and , as well as their various solvent fractionates, with a focus on cytotoxic, thrombolytic, membrane stabilizing, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities via and approaches. The extensive chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses confirmed and characterized two compounds as (±)-licarin B () and stigmasterol () from and , respectively. Petroleum ether soluble fraction of and the aqueous soluble fraction of showed the lowest 50% lethal concentrations (1.41 and 1.94 μg/mL, respectively) in brine shrimp bioassay. Likewise, petroleum ether soluble fraction of and aqueous soluble fraction of showed the highest thrombolytic activity with 46.66% and 50.10% lyses of the clot, respectively. The methanol and dichloromethane soluble fractions of reduced erythrocyte hemolysis by 64.03% and 37.08%, respectively, under hypotonic and heat-induced conditions, compared to 81.97% and 42.12% for standard acetylsalicylic acid. In antioxidant activity test, aqueous soluble fraction (IC = 7.22 μg/mL) revealed promising antioxidant potentialities in comparison to standard butylated hydroxytoluene (IC = 21.20 μg/mL). In antibacterial screening, chloroform, and dichloromethane soluble fractions of showed a mild antibacterial activity compared with the standard drug ciprofloxacin. Additionally, the molecular docking study corroborated the current findings, and the isolated two constituents had higher binding affinities toward epidermal growth factor receptor, tissue plasminogen activator, vFLIP-IKK gamma stapled peptide dimer, glutathione reductase, and dihydrofolate reductase enzyme than their corresponding standard drugs. In addition, the both isolated compounds exerted favorable pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and toxicological profiles with drug-like qualities in computational-based ADMET and drug likeliness analyses. The current research suggests that both plants have potential as a natural treatment for treating thrombosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. However, more thorough research is required to thoroughly screen for phytochemicals and pinpoint the precise mechanisms of action of the bioactive metabolites derived from these plants against a broad range of molecular targets.
PubMed: 37809757
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20100 -
Scientific Reports Oct 2023Guava tree (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) is an economic grown worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Guavas encompass numerous cultivars (cvs.)...
Guava tree (Psidium guajava L., Myrtaceae) is an economic grown worldwide, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Guavas encompass numerous cultivars (cvs.) that were discriminated in previous studies based on leaf morphological features and profile of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Nevertheless, fruit VOCs have also shown outstanding potential for discrimination of other plant taxa, which has not been utilized in guava. Hence, the current study investigates the various guava cvs. harvested from India and Egypt. A total of 5 samples were analyzed by solid phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Results led to the detection of 42 VOCs belonging to aldehydes, alcohols, esters, ketones, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, in addition to monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Butylated hydroxytoluene and β-caryophyllene were predominant reaching 77% and 41% in Egyptian and Indian guava, respectively. The impact of probiotic fermentation, i.e., Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum on aroma profile was not significantly different (p > 0.05). Multivariate data analyses were further applied for samples classification and markers determination, including principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). PCA score plot showed clear segregation of Egyptian from Indian specimens, whereas OPLS-DA revealed that β-caryophyllene was associated with white fruit versus 3-butenyl isothiocyanate and muurolol in red fruit type in the case of Indian guava. The richness of Egyptian guava in butylated hydroxytoluene in addition to the presence of vitamin C may potentiate its antioxidant activity, to be followed in subsequent studies regarding its health effects.
Topics: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Psidium; Odorants; Fruit; Solid Phase Microextraction; Egypt; Butylated Hydroxytoluene; Chemometrics; Probiotics; Volatile Organic Compounds
PubMed: 37891358
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45686-z -
Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ :... Oct 2023Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-β-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative...
Onion contains many dietary and bioactive components including phenolics and flavonoids. Spiraeoside (quercetin-4-O-β-D-glucoside) is one of the most putative flavonoids in onion. Several antioxidant techniques were used in this investigation to assess the antioxidant capabilities of spiraeoside, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH·) scavenging, N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine radical (DMPD) scavenging, 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical (ABTS) scavenging activities, cupric ions (Cu) reducing and potassium ferric cyanide reduction abilities. In contrast, the water-soluble α-tocopherol analogue trolox and the conventional antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and α-tocopherol were utilized as the standards for evaluation. Spiraeoside scavenged the DPPH radicals an IC of 28.51 μg/mL (r: 0.9705) meanwhile BHA, BHT, trolox, and α-tocopherol displayed IC of 10.10 μg/mL (r: 0.9015), 25.95 μg/mL (r: 0.9221), 7.059 μg/mL (r: 0.9614) and 11.31 μg/mL (r: 0.9642), accordingly. The results exhibited that spiraeoside had effects similar to BHT, but less potent than α-tocopherol, trolox and BHA. Also, inhibitory effects of spiraeoside were evaluated toward some metabolic enzymes including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) and α-glycosidase, which are related to a number of illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes mellitus and glaucoma disorder. Spiraeoside exhibited IC values of 4.44 nM (r: 0.9610), 7.88 nM (r: 0.9784), 19.42 nM (r: 0.9673) and 29.17 mM (r: 0.9209), respectively against these enzymes. Enzyme inhibition abilities were compared to clinical used inhibitors including acetazolamide (for CA II), tacrine (for AChE and BChE) and acarbose (for α-glycosidase). Spiraeoside demonstrated effective antioxidant, anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antiglaucoma activities. With these properties, it has shown that Spiraeoside has the potential to be a medicine for some metabolic diseases.
PubMed: 37693735
DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101760