-
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... May 2021Footrot is a contagious foot disease mainly affecting sheep. It is caused by the Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus. Warm, wet environmental... (Review)
Review
Footrot is a contagious foot disease mainly affecting sheep. It is caused by the Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus. Warm, wet environmental conditions favour development of footrot, and under perfect conditions, it takes just 2-3 weeks from infection to manifestation of clinical signs. Affected sheep show lameness of various degrees and often graze while resting on their carpi. Local clinical signs vary in severity and extent from interdigital inflammation (benign footrot) to underrunning of the complete horn shoe in advanced stages of virulent footrot. Laboratory diagnosis ideally involves collection of four-foot interdigital swab samples followed by competitive real time PCR, allowing for detection of the presence of D. nodosus and differentiation between benign and virulent strains. Laboratory-based diagnostics at the flock level based on risk-based sampling and pooling of interdigital swab samples are recommended. The list of treatment options of individual sheep includes careful removal of the loose undermined horn, local or systemic administration of antimicrobials, systemic administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and disinfectant footbathing. Strategies for control at the flock level are manifold and depend on the environmental conditions and the procedures traditionally implemented by the respective country. Generally, measures consist of treatment/culling of infected sheep, vaccination and prevention of reinfection of disease-free flocks. Gaining deeper insight into the beneficial effects of NSAIDs, screening for eco-friendly footbath solutions, developing better vaccines, including the development of a robust, reproducible infection model and elucidation of protective immune responses, as well as the elaboration of effective awareness training programs for sheep farmers, are relevant research gaps.
Topics: Animal Culling; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Dichelobacter nodosus; Disinfectants; Farmers; Foot Rot; Lameness, Animal; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Therapeutic Irrigation; Vaccination
PubMed: 33840488
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105647 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Several episodes of increased mortality in wild birds of the families and have been documented in recent decades. The majority of affected animals exhibited...
Several episodes of increased mortality in wild birds of the families and have been documented in recent decades. The majority of affected animals exhibited necrotizing pneumonia with intralesional bacteria. (.) , a gram-negative bacterium in the family, has been regularly cultured bacteriologically from affected birds and has long been suspected as a potentially fatal cause of respiratory disease in birds. However, a direct causal relationship between this specific bacterium and the observed lesions within birds has not yet been established. Therefore, postmortem tissue from six tits was used in the present study, including three blue tits () and three great tits (). Five of the six tits tested positive for in bacteriological examination and originated from two incidents of increased mortality in in Germany. Animals found dead in the administrative district of Arnsberg (North Rhine Westphalia) in 2018 and 2020 were investigated for genomic fragments of by chromogenic hybridization using a newly developed DNA probe based on publicly assessable DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of . Positive hybridization signals were detected in five out of five animals and were predominantly detected within necrotizing lesions in lung and occasionally in lesions affecting liver and trachea. Interestingly, the lung of one animal without obvious necrotizing pulmonary lesions revealed positive hybridization results in the lumen of one pulmonary blood vessel. Two negative controls, including one bacteriologically -negative great tit and a cattle egret () suffering from salmonellosis, did not yield positive signals, indicating high sensitivity and specificity of the probe used. This is the first time that has been clearly identified within necrotizing lesions in deceased tits. Although Koch's postulates have yet to be fulfilled, positive hybridization signals in association with detectable lesions are considered as further and strong evidence of the significant contribution of to the several episodes of tit mortality recorded in Germany.
PubMed: 36157175
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.977570 -
Medicine Dec 2021Generally, intestinal microbiota can be classified into intestinal cavity microbiota and mucosal microbiota, among which, the former is the default type. This study... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Generally, intestinal microbiota can be classified into intestinal cavity microbiota and mucosal microbiota, among which, the former is the default type. This study aimed to identify the differences between fecal microbiota and intestinal fluid microbiota in colon polys.This study enrolled patients with colon polys who met the Rome-III criteria to carry out 16s rDNA gene sequencing. Then, both fresh feces as well as intestinal fluid was sampled. Thereafter, α/β diversities, together with the heterogeneities with regard to microbial function and structure were assessed among those intestinal fluid and fresh feces samples collected.According to bioinformatics analysis, difference in α-diversity was not statistically significant between intestinal fluid microbiota and fecal microbiota among patients with colorectal polyps (CPs). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of β-diversity revealed that differences were of statistical significance between both groups. In addition, linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis displayed great heterogeneities in intestinal microbiota of both groups, including Firmicutes, Clostridia, and Phascolarctobacterium. At the phylum level, difference (P = .016) in Spirochaetes was statistically significant between the intestinal fluid group and fecal group. At the family level, differences in Bacteroidaceae, Micrococcaceae, F16, Spirocheatacae, Enterobacteriaceae, Cardiobacteriaceae, Turkish Spirobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Dethiosulfovibrionaceae were statistically significant between the 2 groups. At the genus level, there were statistical differences between the 2 groups in terms of Bacteroidetes, Rothia, Actinobacillus, F16, Treponema, Oscillospira, Turicibacter, Sharpea, Heamophilus, Veillonella, and Cardiobacterium.There are statistical differences in the composition between intestinal microbiota and fecal microbiota in CP patients, both of which are equally important and indispensable for analyzing the intestinal microbiota in CP patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; China; Colon; Colonic Polyps; Feces; Female; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged
PubMed: 34967350
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028028 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2020This article describes the antimicrobial resistance to date of the most frequently encountered anaerobic bacterial pathogens of animals. The different sections show that... (Review)
Review
This article describes the antimicrobial resistance to date of the most frequently encountered anaerobic bacterial pathogens of animals. The different sections show that antimicrobial resistance can vary depending on the antimicrobial, the anaerobe, and the resistance mechanism. The variability in antimicrobial resistance patterns is also associated with other factors such as geographic region and local antimicrobial usage. On occasion, the same resistance gene was observed in many anaerobes, whereas some were limited to certain anaerobes. This article focuses on antimicrobial resistance data of veterinary origin.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Brachyspira; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium; Dichelobacter nodosus; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterotoxins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 31971162
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0020-2017 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jan 2020
Topics: Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages
PubMed: 31484906
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3077-19 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022Ovine footrot is a highly contagious foot disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus). In a recent report, we showed a prevalence of...
Ovine footrot is a highly contagious foot disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus). In a recent report, we showed a prevalence of 42.9% D. nodosus positive swabs across Germany. In this follow-up study, we used real-time PCR results for D. nodosus and footrot scores of 9297 sheep from 208 flocks and collated these data with survey data on herd and animal characteristics and herd management. The aims of the present study were to investigate herd and animal factors associated with D. nodosus infection and footrot scores in individual sheep. Multivariable analyses with generalized mixed models showed that month of recording, breed, herdbook membership, use of antibiotics, and footbaths in the past 3-10 years, signs of footrot in the past 12 months and flock environment of the sheep, modelled as a random farm effect within region, were significant risk factors. Among the 21 different breeds, Romney had the lowest risk of D. nodosus infection, while Swifter had the highest risk and German Merino and German White Heath were the next breeds at highest risk of D. nodosus infection. The variance between farms in the prevalence of D. nodosus was large and accounted for 84% of the total variance in the mixed model analysis. We conclude that specific and as yet unknown effects influencing D. nodosus infections in flocks, as well as breed and weather, are the most important effects on D. nodosus infection in sheep, pointing towards the need to establish adequate infection control at farm level.
Topics: Animals; Dichelobacter nodosus; Follow-Up Studies; Foot Rot; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Risk Factors; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 35705578
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13933-4 -
Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica Mar 2022Ovine footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) are contagious mixed bacterial infections with major impacts on animal health and production. In Sweden,...
BACKGROUND
Ovine footrot and contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) are contagious mixed bacterial infections with major impacts on animal health and production. In Sweden, ovine footrot and CODD were first detected in 2004 and 2019, respectively. In 2009, a voluntary control programme for footrot was established, and a prevalence study in slaughter lambs was conducted, however, the distribution of footrot and CODD-associated bacteria is still unknown. This study examined the prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Treponema spp., as well as the current prevalence of footrot and CODD, in Swedish slaughter lambs.
RESULTS
A total of 2048 feet, from 512 slaughter lambs, were collected from eight slaughterhouses throughout Sweden in autumn 2020. All feet were visually examined for lesions of footrot and CODD and sampled for subsequent real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. Nine lambs (1.8%) had at least one foot affected with footrot (footrot score ≥ 2). A CODD grade 1 lesion was detected in a single lamb (0.2%). The prevalence of D. nodosus, F. necrophorum and Treponema spp. was 6.1%, 7.6% and 90.6%, respectively. The D. nodosus detected were benign strains.
CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of footrot in Swedish slaughter lambs has been significantly reduced, from 5.8 to 1.8%, during the past 11 years. This indicates that preventive measures, such as the national control programme and elimination of footrot from affected flocks, have been effective. A single lamb (0.2%) was found with a CODD lesion (grade 1). In Sweden, benign rather than virulent strains of D. nodosus seem to be the most common. Neither D. nodosus nor F. necrophorum were widespread among Swedish slaughter lambs, but both were more likely to be found in lambs with footrot. Treponema spp. was very commonly found in lambs with and without footrot, but there is a lack of information on the individual Treponema spp. present in Swedish slaughter lambs and their potential pathogenicity.
Topics: Animals; Dichelobacter nodosus; Digital Dermatitis; Foot Rot; Prevalence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic; Sweden
PubMed: 35264235
DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00625-2 -
Scientific Reports May 2022Footrot has a major impact on health and productivity of sheep worldwide. The current paradigm for footrot pathogenesis is that physical damage to the interdigital skin...
Footrot has a major impact on health and productivity of sheep worldwide. The current paradigm for footrot pathogenesis is that physical damage to the interdigital skin (IDS) facilitates invasion of the essential pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus. The composition of the IDS microbiota is different in healthy and diseased feet, so an alternative hypothesis is that changes in the IDS microbiota facilitate footrot. We investigated the composition and diversity of the IDS microbiota of ten sheep, five that did develop footrot and five that did not (healthy) at weekly intervals for 20 weeks. The IDS microbiota was less diverse on sheep 2 + weeks before they developed footrot than on healthy sheep. This change could be explained by only seven of > 2000 bacterial taxa detected. The incubation period of footrot is 8-10 days, and there was a further reduction in microbial diversity on feet that developed footrot in that incubation period. We conclude that there are two stages of dysbiosis in footrot: the first predisposes sheep to footrot and the second occurs in feet during the incubation of footrot. These findings represent a step change in our understanding of the role of the IDS microbiota in footrot pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Dichelobacter nodosus; Foot; Foot Rot; Microbiota; Sheep; Skin
PubMed: 35624131
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12772-7 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) May 2021Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, an etiological agent associated with periodontitis, endocarditis, and other infections, has rarely been implicated in spondylitis....
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, an etiological agent associated with periodontitis, endocarditis, and other infections, has rarely been implicated in spondylitis. A 70-year-old man with aortic valve replacement presented with a 4-month history of lower back pain and was diagnosed with spondylitis. Prolonged incubation of blood cultures and a biopsy yielded A. actinomycetemcomitans. Concurrent infective endocarditis (IE) was probable considering the infectious organism and the patients' prosthetic valve. The patient was treated with ceftriaxone and recovered well. Pyogenic spondylitis with possible concurrent IE may be caused by A. actinomycetemcomitans. Extended incubation and repeated cultures should be considered if Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp, Cardiobacterium spp, Eikenella spp, and Kingella spp. (HACEK) infection is suspected.
Topics: Aged; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Haemophilus; Humans; Male; Spondylitis
PubMed: 33328398
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.5103-20 -
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde Dec 2022Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is an emerging infectious foot disease in sheep. To date, CODD has been described in Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden and...
Contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD) is an emerging infectious foot disease in sheep. To date, CODD has been described in Great Britain, Ireland, Sweden and Germany and now in Switzerland for the first time. Unlike foot rot, the CODD lesions do not spread from the interdigital space, but usually begin at the dorsal/abaxial coronary band. The changes can spread to the hoof wall and the sole and finally can lead to exungulation, similar to foot rot. Treponema spp. are often found in CODD lesions analogous to digital dermatitis (Mortellaro's disease) in cattle. Involvement of Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus) is considered a risk factor, but the presence of the bacterium is not mandatory. In February 2022, ulcerative lesions in the dorso-axial coronary band area were noticed on both claws of the left forelimb in an ewe. Histology of the biopsy showed hyperkeratosis and erosion with exocytosis and crust formation. Treponema spp. PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were positive for Treponema phylotype 1 (PT1). In addition, D. nodosus and Porphyromonas levii could be detected in the biopsy using PCR. A single local application of chlortetracycline spray led to clinical healing within two weeks, no recurrence was seen within the following two months. Three control sheep, which were kept together with the diseased sheep, did not show any clinical signs of CODD. Treponema spp could not be found in interdigital and coronary band biopsies by PCR or FISH. This is the first description of CODD in Switzerland and aims to sensitize veterinarians to CODD as a differential diagnosis for foot diseases in sheep.
Topics: Animals; Female; Dichelobacter nodosus; Digital Dermatitis; Foot Rot; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Switzerland; Treponema
PubMed: 36454014
DOI: 10.17236/sat00378