-
Veterinary Journal (London, England :... May 2021Footrot is a contagious foot disease mainly affecting sheep. It is caused by the Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus. Warm, wet environmental... (Review)
Review
Footrot is a contagious foot disease mainly affecting sheep. It is caused by the Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus. Warm, wet environmental conditions favour development of footrot, and under perfect conditions, it takes just 2-3 weeks from infection to manifestation of clinical signs. Affected sheep show lameness of various degrees and often graze while resting on their carpi. Local clinical signs vary in severity and extent from interdigital inflammation (benign footrot) to underrunning of the complete horn shoe in advanced stages of virulent footrot. Laboratory diagnosis ideally involves collection of four-foot interdigital swab samples followed by competitive real time PCR, allowing for detection of the presence of D. nodosus and differentiation between benign and virulent strains. Laboratory-based diagnostics at the flock level based on risk-based sampling and pooling of interdigital swab samples are recommended. The list of treatment options of individual sheep includes careful removal of the loose undermined horn, local or systemic administration of antimicrobials, systemic administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDs) and disinfectant footbathing. Strategies for control at the flock level are manifold and depend on the environmental conditions and the procedures traditionally implemented by the respective country. Generally, measures consist of treatment/culling of infected sheep, vaccination and prevention of reinfection of disease-free flocks. Gaining deeper insight into the beneficial effects of NSAIDs, screening for eco-friendly footbath solutions, developing better vaccines, including the development of a robust, reproducible infection model and elucidation of protective immune responses, as well as the elaboration of effective awareness training programs for sheep farmers, are relevant research gaps.
Topics: Animal Culling; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Dichelobacter nodosus; Disinfectants; Farmers; Foot Rot; Lameness, Animal; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Therapeutic Irrigation; Vaccination
PubMed: 33840488
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2021.105647 -
Research in Microbiology Jan 2017Infectious diseases with epizootic consequences have not been fully studied in marine mammals. Presently, the unprecedented depth of sequencing, made available by...
Infectious diseases with epizootic consequences have not been fully studied in marine mammals. Presently, the unprecedented depth of sequencing, made available by high-throughput approaches, allows detailed comparisons of the microbiome in health and disease. This is the first report of the striped dolphin microbiome in different body sites. Samples from one striped female edematous dolphin were acquired from a variety of body niches, including the blowhole, oral cavity, oral mucosa, tongue, stomach, intestines and genital mucosa. Detailed 16S rRNA analysis of over half a million sequences identified 235 OTUs. Beta diversity analyses indicated that microbial communities vary in structure and cluster by sample origin. Pathogenic, Gram-negative, facultative and obligate anaerobic taxa were significantly detected, including Cetobacterium, Fusobacterium and Ureaplasma. Phocoenobacter and Arcobacter dominated the oral-type samples, while Cardiobacteriaceae and Vibrio were associated with the blowhole and Photobacterium were abundant in the gut. We report for the first time the association of Epulopiscium with a marine mammal gut. The striped dolphin microbiota shows variation in structure and diversity according to the organ type. The high dominance of Gram-negative anaerobic pathogens evidences a cetacean microbiome affected by human-related bacteria.
Topics: Aerobiosis; Anaerobiosis; Animal Structures; Animals; Bacteria; Cluster Analysis; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Microbiota; Phylogeny; Portugal; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Stenella
PubMed: 27615066
DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.08.004 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2022Several episodes of increased mortality in wild birds of the families and have been documented in recent decades. The majority of affected animals exhibited...
Several episodes of increased mortality in wild birds of the families and have been documented in recent decades. The majority of affected animals exhibited necrotizing pneumonia with intralesional bacteria. (.) , a gram-negative bacterium in the family, has been regularly cultured bacteriologically from affected birds and has long been suspected as a potentially fatal cause of respiratory disease in birds. However, a direct causal relationship between this specific bacterium and the observed lesions within birds has not yet been established. Therefore, postmortem tissue from six tits was used in the present study, including three blue tits () and three great tits (). Five of the six tits tested positive for in bacteriological examination and originated from two incidents of increased mortality in in Germany. Animals found dead in the administrative district of Arnsberg (North Rhine Westphalia) in 2018 and 2020 were investigated for genomic fragments of by chromogenic hybridization using a newly developed DNA probe based on publicly assessable DNA sequences of the 16S rRNA gene of . Positive hybridization signals were detected in five out of five animals and were predominantly detected within necrotizing lesions in lung and occasionally in lesions affecting liver and trachea. Interestingly, the lung of one animal without obvious necrotizing pulmonary lesions revealed positive hybridization results in the lumen of one pulmonary blood vessel. Two negative controls, including one bacteriologically -negative great tit and a cattle egret () suffering from salmonellosis, did not yield positive signals, indicating high sensitivity and specificity of the probe used. This is the first time that has been clearly identified within necrotizing lesions in deceased tits. Although Koch's postulates have yet to be fulfilled, positive hybridization signals in association with detectable lesions are considered as further and strong evidence of the significant contribution of to the several episodes of tit mortality recorded in Germany.
PubMed: 36157175
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.977570 -
Metabolites Oct 2018The aim of the present study was to assess the malodorous spoilages of Spanish-style green table olives through microbial and metabolite composition using current...
The aim of the present study was to assess the malodorous spoilages of Spanish-style green table olives through microbial and metabolite composition using current measuring techniques (e.g., high-throughput DNA sequencing, headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Under different alkaline and washing conditions, the spoilage fermentations were reproduced with Gordal and Manzanilla olive cultivars using a low salt concentration (71 g L NaCl) in the initial brine. The degradation of lactic acid and significant increases in volatile fatty acids and phenols were found in all the spoiled samples in comparison with the unspoiled control samples. According to high-throughput DNA sequencing, and were the dominant bacteria in the spoiled samples. PLS regression and Pearson's correlation coefficient analyses revealed positive and negative correlations among microbial communities, metabolites, and sensory spoilage descriptors. Notably, the "zapatera" descriptor was significantly associated with , which was positively correlated with acetic acid, propionic acid, succinic acid, and methyl propanoate; while the "butyric" descriptor exhibited a significant positive relationship with the genus , which gave an almost significant correlation with propionic and butyric acids.
PubMed: 30384453
DOI: 10.3390/metabo8040073 -
Medicine Dec 2021Generally, intestinal microbiota can be classified into intestinal cavity microbiota and mucosal microbiota, among which, the former is the default type. This study... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
Generally, intestinal microbiota can be classified into intestinal cavity microbiota and mucosal microbiota, among which, the former is the default type. This study aimed to identify the differences between fecal microbiota and intestinal fluid microbiota in colon polys.This study enrolled patients with colon polys who met the Rome-III criteria to carry out 16s rDNA gene sequencing. Then, both fresh feces as well as intestinal fluid was sampled. Thereafter, α/β diversities, together with the heterogeneities with regard to microbial function and structure were assessed among those intestinal fluid and fresh feces samples collected.According to bioinformatics analysis, difference in α-diversity was not statistically significant between intestinal fluid microbiota and fecal microbiota among patients with colorectal polyps (CPs). Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis of β-diversity revealed that differences were of statistical significance between both groups. In addition, linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis displayed great heterogeneities in intestinal microbiota of both groups, including Firmicutes, Clostridia, and Phascolarctobacterium. At the phylum level, difference (P = .016) in Spirochaetes was statistically significant between the intestinal fluid group and fecal group. At the family level, differences in Bacteroidaceae, Micrococcaceae, F16, Spirocheatacae, Enterobacteriaceae, Cardiobacteriaceae, Turkish Spirobacteriaceae, Bifidobacteriaceae, and Dethiosulfovibrionaceae were statistically significant between the 2 groups. At the genus level, there were statistical differences between the 2 groups in terms of Bacteroidetes, Rothia, Actinobacillus, F16, Treponema, Oscillospira, Turicibacter, Sharpea, Heamophilus, Veillonella, and Cardiobacterium.There are statistical differences in the composition between intestinal microbiota and fecal microbiota in CP patients, both of which are equally important and indispensable for analyzing the intestinal microbiota in CP patients.
Topics: Adult; Aged; China; Colon; Colonic Polyps; Feces; Female; Firmicutes; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Male; Microbiota; Middle Aged
PubMed: 34967350
DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000028028 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) May 2019Acute infectious endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease that presents as a serious clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to... (Review)
Review
Acute infectious endocarditis (IE) is a complex disease that presents as a serious clinical condition associated with a high mortality rate, especially due to intracranial hemorrhaging (ICH). The most common causative organism is Staphylococcus aureus. We herein report a patient with ICH following subacute IE with a positive blood culture for Cardiobacterium hominis. A review of the existing literature revealed that acute IE associated with Cardiobacterium has been reported to cause ICH in only seven previous cases. Prolonged culture-specific antibiotic therapy along with extended surveillance of blood culture is therefore essential for timely intervention.
Topics: Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Female; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 30626838
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.2111-18 -
Microbiology Spectrum Jan 2020This article describes the antimicrobial resistance to date of the most frequently encountered anaerobic bacterial pathogens of animals. The different sections show that... (Review)
Review
This article describes the antimicrobial resistance to date of the most frequently encountered anaerobic bacterial pathogens of animals. The different sections show that antimicrobial resistance can vary depending on the antimicrobial, the anaerobe, and the resistance mechanism. The variability in antimicrobial resistance patterns is also associated with other factors such as geographic region and local antimicrobial usage. On occasion, the same resistance gene was observed in many anaerobes, whereas some were limited to certain anaerobes. This article focuses on antimicrobial resistance data of veterinary origin.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacterial Infections; Brachyspira; Clostridioides difficile; Clostridium; Dichelobacter nodosus; Drug Resistance, Bacterial; Enterotoxins; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
PubMed: 31971162
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0020-2017 -
The Journal of Biological Chemistry Dec 2011Pilin proteins assemble into Type IV pili (T4P), surface-displayed bacterial filaments with virulence functions including motility, attachment, transformation, immune...
Pilin proteins assemble into Type IV pili (T4P), surface-displayed bacterial filaments with virulence functions including motility, attachment, transformation, immune escape, and colony formation. However, challenges in crystallizing full-length fiber-forming and membrane protein pilins leave unanswered questions regarding pilin structures, assembly, functions, and vaccine potential. Here we report pilin structures of full-length DnFimA from the sheep pathogen Dichelobacter nodosus and FtPilE from the human pathogen Francisella tularensis at 2.3 and 1 Å resolution, respectively. The DnFimA structure reveals an extended kinked N-terminal α-helix, an unusual centrally located disulfide, conserved subdomains, and assembled epitopes informing serogroup vaccines. An interaction between the conserved Glu-5 carboxyl oxygen and the N-terminal amine of an adjacent subunit in the crystallographic dimer is consistent with the hypothesis of a salt bridge between these groups driving T4P assembly. The FtPilE structure identifies an authentic Type IV pilin and provides a framework for understanding the role of T4P in F. tularensis virulence. Combined results define a unified pilin architecture, specialized subdomain roles in pilus assembly and function, and potential therapeutic targets.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Bacterial Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Crystallography, X-Ray; Dichelobacter nodosus; Fimbriae Proteins; Fimbriae, Bacterial; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Polymers; Protein Conformation; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
PubMed: 22027840
DOI: 10.1074/jbc.M111.297242 -
Internal Medicine (Tokyo, Japan) Jan 2020
Topics: Cardiobacterium; Endocarditis; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Intracranial Hemorrhages
PubMed: 31484906
DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.3077-19 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2022Ovine footrot is a highly contagious foot disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus). In a recent report, we showed a prevalence of...
Ovine footrot is a highly contagious foot disease caused by the gram-negative bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (D. nodosus). In a recent report, we showed a prevalence of 42.9% D. nodosus positive swabs across Germany. In this follow-up study, we used real-time PCR results for D. nodosus and footrot scores of 9297 sheep from 208 flocks and collated these data with survey data on herd and animal characteristics and herd management. The aims of the present study were to investigate herd and animal factors associated with D. nodosus infection and footrot scores in individual sheep. Multivariable analyses with generalized mixed models showed that month of recording, breed, herdbook membership, use of antibiotics, and footbaths in the past 3-10 years, signs of footrot in the past 12 months and flock environment of the sheep, modelled as a random farm effect within region, were significant risk factors. Among the 21 different breeds, Romney had the lowest risk of D. nodosus infection, while Swifter had the highest risk and German Merino and German White Heath were the next breeds at highest risk of D. nodosus infection. The variance between farms in the prevalence of D. nodosus was large and accounted for 84% of the total variance in the mixed model analysis. We conclude that specific and as yet unknown effects influencing D. nodosus infections in flocks, as well as breed and weather, are the most important effects on D. nodosus infection in sheep, pointing towards the need to establish adequate infection control at farm level.
Topics: Animals; Dichelobacter nodosus; Follow-Up Studies; Foot Rot; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Risk Factors; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Sheep, Domestic
PubMed: 35705578
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13933-4