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Personality Neuroscience 2024This article discusses dominance personality dimensions found in primates, particularly in the great apes, and how they compare to dominance in humans. Dominance traits... (Review)
Review
This article discusses dominance personality dimensions found in primates, particularly in the great apes, and how they compare to dominance in humans. Dominance traits are seen in virtually all primate species, and these dimensions reflect how adept an individual is at ascending within a social hierarchy. Among great apes, dominance is one of the most prominent personality factors but, in humans, dominance is usually modeled as a facet of extraversion. Social, cultural, and cognitive differences between humans and our closest ape relatives are explored, alongside humanity's hierarchical and egalitarian heritage. The basic characteristics of dominance in humans and nonhuman great apes are then described, alongside the similarities and differences between great apes. African apes live in societies each with its own hierarchical organization. Humans were a possible exception for some of our history, but more recently, hierarchies have dominated. The general characteristics of high-dominance humans, particularly those living in industrialized nations, are described. Dominance itself can be subdivided into correlated subfactors: domineering, prestige, and leadership. Various explanations have been posed for why dominance has declined in prominence within human personality factor structures, and several possibilities are evaluated. The value of dominance in personality research is discussed: dominance has links to, for instance, age, sex, aggression, self-esteem, locus of control, stress, health, and multiple socioeconomic status indicators. The piece concludes with recommendations for researchers who wish to assess dominance in personality.
PubMed: 38384663
DOI: 10.1017/pen.2023.13 -
Evolutionary Human Sciences 2021Previous research has sought to explain the rise of right-wing populist leaders in terms of the evolutionary framework of dominance and prestige. In this framework,...
Previous research has sought to explain the rise of right-wing populist leaders in terms of the evolutionary framework of dominance and prestige. In this framework, dominance is defined as high social rank acquired via coercion and fear, and prestige is defined as high social rank acquired via competence and admiration. Previous studies have shown that right-wing populist leaders are rated as more dominant than non-populist leaders, and right-wing populist/dominant leaders are favoured in times of economic uncertainty and intergroup conflict. In this paper, we explore and critique this application of dominance-prestige to politics. First, we argue that the dominance-prestige framework, originally developed to explain inter-personal relationships within small-scale societies characterised by face-to-face interaction, does not straightforwardly extend to large-scale democratic societies which have frequent anonymous interaction and complex ingroup-outgroup dynamics. Second, we show that economic uncertainty and intergroup conflict predict a preference not only for dominant leaders, but also for prestigious leaders. Third, we show that perceptions of leaders as dominant or prestigious are not fixed, and depend on the political ideology of the perceiver: people view leaders who share their ideology as prestigious, and those who oppose their ideology as dominant, whether that ideology is liberal or conservative. Fourth, we show that political ideology is a stronger predictor than economic uncertainty of preference for Donald Trump vs Hillary Clinton in the 2016 US Presidential Election, contradicting previous findings that link Trump's success to economic uncertainty. We conclude by suggesting that, if economic uncertainty does not directly affect preferences for right-wing populist leaders, other features of their discourse such as higher emotionality might explain their success.
PubMed: 37588522
DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2021.12 -
Beyoglu Eye Journal 2023The purpose was to study the association between ocular dominance, refractive status, and biometric parameters.
OBJECTIVES
The purpose was to study the association between ocular dominance, refractive status, and biometric parameters.
METHODS
Ocular dominance was assessed on consenting participants with non-pathological eyes using "hole-in-the-card test." The participants were then examined for visual acuity, biometric measurements, and refraction. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software.
RESULTS
Among a total of 660 participants in our study, right eye dominance was found in 508 (76.97%) participants. We found that horizontal keratometry readings (K1) were greater in the dominant eye compared to the non-dominant eye, showing a statistically significant difference in emmetropes (p<0.001) and hyperopes (p<0.001). The axial length was found to be longer but not significantly greater in dominant eye among while it was significant among myopes (p<0.001) and hyperopes (p<0.001). In myopic anisometropes, the axial length was significantly longer and more myopic in the dominant eye (24.0±0.7 mm) than non-dominant eye (23.9±0.4 mm) while the non-dominant eye was more hyperopic in anisometropic hyperopes.
CONCLUSION
Right eye was dominant in majority of participants. The dominant eye was more myopic and had greater axial length in anisometropes. The dominant eye was more astigmatic than the non-dominant eye. Visual acuity was not affected by ocular dominance. The mean difference in biometric measurements was significantly greater in hyperopic eyes. The assessment of ocular dominance could improve patient satisfaction in refractive surgeries and monovision treatments. Treatment protocols could be fine-tuned based on ocular dominance. Normative data in various biometric measurements could take into consideration laterality in terms of dominance.
PubMed: 37521883
DOI: 10.14744/bej.2023.46504 -
Ecology Letters Jan 2024Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood....
Dominance of neotropical tree communities by a few species is widely documented, but dominant trees show a variety of distributional patterns still poorly understood. Here, we used 503 forest inventory plots (93,719 individuals ≥2.5 cm diameter, 2609 species) to explore the relationships between local abundance, regional frequency and spatial aggregation of dominant species in four main habitat types in western Amazonia. Although the abundance-occupancy relationship is positive for the full dataset, we found that among dominant Amazonian tree species, there is a strong negative relationship between local abundance and regional frequency and/or spatial aggregation across habitat types. Our findings suggest an ecological trade-off whereby dominant species can be locally abundant (local dominants) or regionally widespread (widespread dominants), but rarely both (oligarchs). Given the importance of dominant species as drivers of diversity and ecosystem functioning, unravelling different dominance patterns is a research priority to direct conservation efforts in Amazonian forests.
Topics: Humans; Ecosystem; Forests; Trees; Brazil; Biodiversity
PubMed: 38111128
DOI: 10.1111/ele.14351 -
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 2021Social status-dependent modulation of neural circuits has been investigated extensively in vertebrate and invertebrate systems. However, the effects of social status on...
Social status-dependent modulation of neural circuits has been investigated extensively in vertebrate and invertebrate systems. However, the effects of social status on neuromodulatory systems that drive motor activity are poorly understood. Zebrafish form a stable social relationship that consists of socially dominant and subordinate animals. The locomotor behavior patterns differ according to their social ranks. The sensitivity of the Mauthner startle escape response in subordinates increases compared to dominants while dominants increase their swimming frequency compared to subordinates. Here, we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in mediating these differences in motor activities. We show that brain gene expression of key ECS protein pathways are socially regulated. Diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) expression significantly increased in dominants and significantly decreased in subordinates relative to controls. Moreover, brain gene expression of the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CBR) was significantly increased in subordinates relative to controls. Secondly, increasing ECS activity with JZL184 reversed swimming activity patterns in dominant and subordinate animals. JZL184 did not affect the sensitivity of the startle escape response in dominants while it was significantly reduced in subordinates. Thirdly, blockage of CBR function with AM-251 had no effect on dominants startle escape response sensitivity, but startle sensitivity was significantly reduced in subordinates. Additionally, AM-251 did not affect swimming activities in either social phenotypes. Fourthly, we demonstrate that the effects of ECS modulation of the startle escape circuit is mediated via the dopaminergic system specifically via the dopamine D1 receptor. Finally, our empirical results complemented with neurocomputational modeling suggest that social status influences the ECS to regulate the balance in synaptic strength between excitatory and inhibitory inputs to control the excitability of motor behaviors. Collectively, this study provides new insights of how social factors impact nervous system function to reconfigure the synergistic interactions of neuromodulatory pathways to optimize motor output.
PubMed: 34045945
DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.668589 -
Experimental Brain Research Feb 2021Speed accuracy trade-off, the inverse relationship between movement speed and task accuracy, is a ubiquitous feature of skilled motor performance. Many previous studies...
Speed accuracy trade-off, the inverse relationship between movement speed and task accuracy, is a ubiquitous feature of skilled motor performance. Many previous studies have focused on the dominant arm, unimanual performance in both simple tasks, such as target reaching, and complex tasks, such as overarm throwing. However, while handedness is a prominent feature of human motor performance, the effect of limb dominance on speed-accuracy relationships is not well-understood. Based on previous research, we hypothesize that dominant arm skilled performance should depend on visual information and prior task experience, and that the non-dominant arm should show greater skill when no visual information nor prior task information is available. Forty right-handed young adults reached to 32 randomly presented targets across a virtual reality workspace with either the left or the right arm. Half of the participants received no visual feedback about hand position throughout each reach. Sensory information and task experience were lowest during the first cycle of exposure (32 reaches) in the no-vision condition, in which visual information about motion was not available. Under this condition, we found that the left arm group showed greater skill, measured in terms of position error normalized to speed, and by error variability. However, as task experience and sensory information increased, the right arm group showed substantial improvements in speed-accuracy relations, while the left arm group maintained, but did not improve, speed-accuracy relations throughout the task. These differences in performance between dominant and non-dominant arm groups during the separate stages of the task are consistent with complimentary models of lateralization, which propose different proficiencies of each hemisphere for different features of control. Our results are incompatible with global dominance models of handedness that propose dominant arm advantages under all performance conditions.
Topics: Arm; Biomechanical Phenomena; Functional Laterality; Hand; Humans; Movement; Psychomotor Performance; Young Adult
PubMed: 33388816
DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-06011-6 -
Nucleic Acids Research Jan 2020IRF3, IRF5 and IRF9 are transcription factors, which play distinct roles in the regulation of antiviral and inflammatory responses. The determinants that mediate...
Specific enhancer selection by IRF3, IRF5 and IRF9 is determined by ISRE half-sites, 5' and 3' flanking bases, collaborating transcription factors and the chromatin environment in a combinatorial fashion.
IRF3, IRF5 and IRF9 are transcription factors, which play distinct roles in the regulation of antiviral and inflammatory responses. The determinants that mediate IRF-specific enhancer selection are not fully understood. To uncover regions occupied predominantly by IRF3, IRF5 or IRF9, we performed ChIP-seq experiments in activated murine dendritic cells. The identified regions were analysed with respect to the enrichment of DNA motifs, the interferon-stimulated response element (ISRE) and ISRE half-site variants, and chromatin accessibility. Using a machine learning method, we investigated the predictability of IRF-dominance. We found that IRF5-dominant regions differed fundamentally from the IRF3- and IRF9-dominant regions: ISREs were rare, while the NFKB motif and special ISRE half-sites, such as 5'-GAGA-3' and 5'-GACA-3', were enriched. IRF3- and IRF9-dominant regions were characterized by the enriched ISRE motif and lower frequency of accessible chromatin. Enrichment analysis and the machine learning method uncovered the features that favour IRF3 or IRF9 dominancy (e.g. a tripartite form of ISRE and motifs for NF-κB for IRF3, and the GAS motif and certain ISRE variants for IRF9). This study contributes to our understanding of how IRF members, which bind overlapping sets of DNA sequences, can initiate signal-dependent responses without activating superfluous or harmful programmes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Chromatin; Dendritic Cells; Enhancer Elements, Genetic; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Interferon Regulatory Factor-3; Interferon Regulatory Factors; Interferon-Stimulated Gene Factor 3, gamma Subunit; Machine Learning; Mice; NF-kappa B; Nucleotide Motifs; Principal Component Analysis; Response Elements; Transcription Factors
PubMed: 31799619
DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz1112 -
Heliyon Sep 2020acts as an important ecological filters in dominated communities. A study to investigate the effects of its dominance in the vegetation of Nyungwe was conducted....
acts as an important ecological filters in dominated communities. A study to investigate the effects of its dominance in the vegetation of Nyungwe was conducted. Sampling was done in Mubuga and Uwajerome mountains. A total of 53 alternate plots measuring 10 m × 10 m were sampled along a transect at regular interval of 10 m. In each plot, the species were identified and the cover abundance measured subjectively. Plant strategies, succession, biological forms, distribution and conservation status of each species were also determined. Data on species composition and cover abundance were analyzed using MVSP software and Shannon -Weiner index was used to determine diversity of communities. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the characteristics of the species. A total of 141 species belonging to 100 genera and 54 families and distributed in four plant communities were identified. were dominant in communities I, II and III, with average cover of 31%, 6% and 4% respectively. The primary forest was dominated by and in community IV, with 21% and 10% coverage respectively. Shannon- Weiner and evenness indices were 1.538, 2.925, 3.251 and 2.940 and 0.436, 0.716, 0.791 and 0.768 in communities I, II, III and IV respectively. Species richness were 34, 36, 61 and 46 in communities I, II, III and IV respectively. Ruderal, chamaephytes, secondary, Africa tropical and least concerns plant species predominated in vegetation areas with 76% 48%, 69%, 43% and 90% of total species respectively. Competitive, phanerophytes, primary, Afromontane and least concerns plant species dominated in non-dominated area with 54%, 52%, 58%, 40% and 88% of total species respectively. restricted the growth of trees as exhibited by the presence of few phanerophytes and enhanced the growth of ruderal species, both of which are indicators of disturbed forest. The tree species observed in cut-areas was .
PubMed: 32944668
DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04806 -
African Journal of Infectious Diseases 2021Covid-19 has become pandemic in the World, including Indonesia. Our last study showed that HSF could serve as an immunomodulator. Using the exact search, we found that...
BACKGROUND
Covid-19 has become pandemic in the World, including Indonesia. Our last study showed that HSF could serve as an immunomodulator. Using the exact search, we found that the most immuno-dominant SARS-COV2 epitope, namely A spike protein epitope, B envelope protein epitope, and C membrane protein epitope, we concise to be HF.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We used to post only control design study and mice as an animal model. The research divided mice into four groups, and the first group as control received PBS as a placebo. The second, three, and last four groups gave HF, HSN, and HFHSN (combine HF and HSN). All of the regiment enters the mouth with a special sonde to reach the gastrointestinal organ. We gave HF every week three times and HSN once a day. After administration regiments for a long three weeks, we sacrificed the mice. We evaluated cellular immune responses that are Th-2, Th-17, and NK cells. We check for humoral immune response, TGF-β,IL-17A, IL-4, IgG,IL-4, β-defensin, and s-IgA.
RESULTS
Highest profile cellular immunity HF, HSN, and HFHSN were NK cell, Th-2 and Th-17, and the last NK cell, respectively. After that which in humoral immunity, the domination response IgG and IL-4 were HF. But HSN and HFHSN dominated for s-IgA and β-defensin production. By using the study Bio-Informatica, we found HF.
CONCLUSION
If the results of this study are continued to the clinical trial level, it is necessary to recommend additional markers such as CTL (s-IgA and β-defensin in lung tissue)and CPE assay.
PubMed: 34595383
DOI: 10.21010/ajidv15i2S.3 -
Photoreceptor-Specific Temporal Contrast Sensitivities in RP1L1-Associated Occult Macular Dystrophy.Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual... Jun 2023The purpose of this study was to compare L-, M-, S-cone-, and rod-driven temporal contrast sensitivities (tCS) in patients with RP1L1-associated autosomal-dominant...
PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to compare L-, M-, S-cone-, and rod-driven temporal contrast sensitivities (tCS) in patients with RP1L1-associated autosomal-dominant occult macular dystrophy (OMD), and to investigate how photoreceptor degeneration determines which post-receptoral channels dominate perception.
METHODS
Photoreceptor isolating stimuli were created with the silent substitution technique. Photoreceptor-selective tCS deviations (D L-cone/M-cone/S-cone/Rod) were obtained as a function of temporal frequency with identical retinal adaptation, by subtracting tCS from age-corrected normal values. A linear-mixed effects model was used for analysis.
RESULTS
Eleven genetically confirmed patients were included (7 women, 5 men; age = 52.27 ± 14.44 years). Overall, L- and M-cone-driven sensitivity deviations (DL-cone and DM-cone) were more negative than DS-cone; DRod was normal at frequencies between 8 and 12 Hz in all subjects. Rod-driven tCS functions allowed identification of two subgroups of patients: one with band-pass properties and one with low-pass properties, suggesting dominance of different post-receptoral filters. The same filtering properties were observed in L-cone-driven tCS functions. Furthermore, the two subgroups also differed in clinical parameters (spherical equivalent, BCVA, perimetry, and ocular coherence tomography (OCT) reflectivity of the ellipsoid zone relative to the RPE).
CONCLUSIONS
OMD was characterized predominantly by deterioration of L- and M-cone-cone driven function in the perifovea. Rod-driven functions were normal. Differences in the photoreceptor signals were further modified by postreceptoral filters.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Adult; Middle Aged; Aged; Electroretinography; Retinal Cone Photoreceptor Cells; Macular Degeneration; Vision, Ocular; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate; Retinal Dystrophies; Eye Proteins
PubMed: 37342031
DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.7.33