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International Journal of Obesity (2005) Apr 2020Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) causes a wide spectrum of liver damage, from simple steatosis (SS) to cirrhosis. SS and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) causes a wide spectrum of liver damage, from simple steatosis (SS) to cirrhosis. SS and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cannot be distinguished by clinical or laboratory features. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota is involved in NASH pathogenesis. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between microbiota-derived metabolites and the degrees of NAFLD; also, to investigate whether these metabolites could be included in a panel of NASH biomarkers.
SUBJECTS/METHODS
We used liquid chromatography coupled to triple-quadrupole-mass spectrometry (LC-QqQ) analysis to quantify choline and its derivatives, betaine, endogenous ethanol, bile acids, short-chain fatty acids and soluble TLR4 in serum from women with normal weight (n = 29) and women with morbid obesity (MO) (n = 82) with or without NAFLD. We used real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis to evaluate the hepatic and intestinal expression level of all genes studied (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, LXRα, SREBP1C, ACC1, FAS, PPARα, CPT1α, CROT, SREBP2, ABCA1, ABCG1 and FXR in the liver; TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR9, GLP-1R, DPP-4, FXR and PPARɣ in the jejunum) in 82 women with MO with normal liver histology (NL, n = 29), SS (n = 32), and NASH (n = 21).
RESULTS
Hepatic FAS, TLR2, and TLR4 expression were overexpressed in NAFLD patients. TLR2 was overexpressed in NASH patients. In women with MO with NAFLD, we found upregulation of intestinal TLR9 expression and downregulation of intestinal FXR expression in women with NASH. Circulating TMAO, glycocholic acid and deoxycholic acid levels were significantly increased in NAFLD patients. Endogenous circulating ethanol levels were increased in NASH patients in comparison to those in SS patients.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings suggest that the intestine participates in the progression of NAFLD. Moreover, levels of certain circulating microbiota-related metabolites are associated with NAFLD severity and could be used as a "liquid biopsy" in the noninvasive diagnosis of NASH.
Topics: Adult; Female; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Humans; Jejunum; Liquid Biopsy; Liver; Middle Aged; Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease; Obesity, Morbid
PubMed: 31388096
DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0430-0 -
Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic... May 2022Healthy horses and other animals have large numbers of resident leukocytes in the intestinal wall, but there is scant information regarding which and how many leukocytes...
Healthy horses and other animals have large numbers of resident leukocytes in the intestinal wall, but there is scant information regarding which and how many leukocytes are normally present in the equine intestinal wall. Our aim was to provide a reference range of leukocytes in the intestinal mucosal and submucosal propria of normal horses. We included in our study intestinal tissues from 22 Thoroughbred racehorses with no clinical intestinal disease, which had been euthanized because of catastrophic musculoskeletal injuries. Neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, macrophages, and plasma cells were counted in 5 random 17,600-µm areas of villus lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum, and deep lamina propria of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, right ventral colon, left ventral colon, left dorsal colon, right dorsal colon, and small colon. Other features investigated in the same intestinal segments included villus height and width (small intestine), presence of ciliated protozoa, Paneth cells number, subcryptal leukocyte layers (number of leukocyte layers between the bottom of the crypts and the muscularis mucosae), and submucosal leukocytes. Lymphocytes were the most numerous cells in all segments analyzed, followed by plasma cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and neutrophils. Eosinophil numbers were significantly higher in both lamina propria and submucosa of the large intestine than in the small intestine. The duodenum had shorter and thinner villi than either jejunum or ileum. The data provided from our study will be useful for diagnosticians examining inflammatory processes in the intestinal tract of horses.
Topics: Animals; Colon; Horse Diseases; Horses; Intestinal Diseases; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Leukocyte Count
PubMed: 34293980
DOI: 10.1177/10406387211031944 -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Jul 2021A 77-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department due to a clinical and radiological pattern of intestinal obstruction. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan...
A 77-year-old male presented to the Emergency Department due to a clinical and radiological pattern of intestinal obstruction. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a dilatation of the jejunum loops with a change in bowel caliber in the proximal ileum and segmental edema of the intestinal wall. An urgent laparotomy was performed which revealed adhesions between intestinal loops and an intraluminal mass in the proximal ileum with a change in the bowel caliber. The affected segment of the proximal ileum measuring 20 cm was resected and a small-bowel manual termino-terminal anastomosis was performed. The patient was discharged seven days following the surgery.
Topics: Aged; Animals; Anisakis; Humans; Ileum; Intestinal Obstruction; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Male
PubMed: 33244980
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2020.7409/2020 -
Surgical Endoscopy Nov 2023The obesity pandemic has worsened global disease burden, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) is the most...
BACKGROUND
The obesity pandemic has worsened global disease burden, including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Metabolic/bariatric surgery (MBS) is the most effective and durable obesity treatment, but the mechanisms underlying its long-term weight loss efficacy remain unclear. MBS drives substrate oxidation that has been linked to improvements in metabolic function and improved glycemic control that are potentially mediated by mitochondria-a primary site of energy production. As such, augmentation of intestinal mitochondrial function may drive processes underlying the systemic metabolic benefits of MBS. Herein, we applied a highly sensitive technique to evaluate intestinal mitochondrial function ex vivo in a mouse model of MBS.
METHODS
Mice were randomized to surgery, sham, or non-operative control. A simplified model of MBS, ileal interposition, was performed by interposition of a 2-cm segment of terminal ileum into the proximal bowel 5 mm from the ligament of Treitz. After a four-week recovery period, intestinal mucosa of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and interposed ileum were assayed for determination of mitochondrial respiratory function. Citrate synthase activity was measured as a marker of mitochondrial content.
RESULTS
Ileal interposition was well tolerated and associated with modest body weight loss and transient hypophagia relative to controls. Mitochondrial capacity declined in the native duodenum and jejunum of animals following ileal interposition relative to controls, although respiration remained unchanged in these segments. Similarly, ileal interposition lowered citrate synthase activity in the duodenum and jejunum following relative to controls but ileal function remained constant across all groups.
CONCLUSION
Ileal interposition decreases mitochondrial volume in the proximal intestinal mucosa of mice. This change in concentration with preserved respiration suggests a global mucosal response to segment specific nutrition signals in the distal bowel. Future studies are required to understand the causes underlying these mitochondrial changes.
Topics: Mice; Animals; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Citrate (si)-Synthase; Ileum; Jejunum; Intestinal Mucosa; Bariatric Surgery; Obesity; Mitochondria
PubMed: 37620650
DOI: 10.1007/s00464-023-10351-z -
Folia Morphologica 2022This study aimed to characterise and evaluate the main markers of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG plasmocytes, macrophages, and dendritic...
BACKGROUND
This study aimed to characterise and evaluate the main markers of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, immunoglobulin (Ig) A and IgG plasmocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells of the intestinal mucosa of newborn yaks.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Ten newborn yaks (2-4 weeks old) were chosen. Immunohistochemistry and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to analyse the immune cell distribution and specific markers at the mRNA expression level in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
RESULTS
The results showed in the epithelium, CD3e-positive T lymphocyte levels were higher than other immune cell levels (p < 0.05). Additionally, in the lamina propria, the number of cells positive for CD3e, CD68, and signal inhibitory regulatory protein alpha (SIRPa) were higher in the villi, while CD79a, IgA and IgG cells were more common at the base of the crypt. Moreover, both in the epithelium and lamina propria, the number of CD3e, CD68 and SIRPa were decreased from the duodenum to the ileum (p < 0.05), additionally the number of CD79a, IgA and IgG positive cells were increased from the duodenum to the ileum of newborn yaks (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of CD3e, CD68, and SIRPa increased from the duodenum to the ileum (p < 0.05), while the mRNA expression levels of CD79a, IgA and IgG decreased from the duodenum to the ileum.
CONCLUSIONS
Immunohistochemical characterisation and expression levels of immune factors in the small intestinal mucosa of newborn yaks suggest that the intestinal mucosa is an important part of the natural barrier and provides useful references for immunity functions of newborn yak intestinal mucosa.
Topics: Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Cattle; Duodenum; Immunoglobulin A; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum
PubMed: 34642930
DOI: 10.5603/FM.a2021.0102 -
Food and Chemical Toxicology : An... Nov 2022Okadaic acid (OA) is an important marine lipophilic phycotoxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). This toxin inhibits protein phosphatases (PPs) like...
Okadaic acid (OA) is an important marine lipophilic phycotoxin responsible for diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). This toxin inhibits protein phosphatases (PPs) like PP2A and PP1, though, this action does not explain OA-induced toxicity and symptoms. Intestinal epithelia comprise the defence barrier against external agents where transport of fluid and electrolytes from and to the lumen is a tightly regulated process. In some intoxications this balance becomes dysregulated appearing diarrhoea. Therefore, we evaluated diarrhoea in orally OA-treated mice as well as in mice pre-treated with several doses of cyproheptadine (CPH) and then treated with OA at different times. We assessed stools electrolytes and ultrastructural alteration of the intestine, particularly evaluating tight and adherens junctions. We detected increased chloride and sodium faecal concentrations in the OA-exposed group, suggesting a secretory diarrhoea. Pre-treatment with CPH maintains chloride concentration in values similar to control mice. Intestinal cytomorphological alterations were observed for OA mice, whereas CPH pre-treatment attenuated OA-induced damage in proximal colon and jejunum at 2 h. Conversely, tight junctions' distance was only affected by OA in jejunum at the moment diarrhoea occurred. In this study we found cellular mechanisms by which OA induced diarrhoea revealing the complex toxicity of this compound.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Chlorides; Cyproheptadine; Diarrhea; Okadaic Acid; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases; Sodium; Tight Junctions; Jejunum
PubMed: 36206954
DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113449 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jan 2021Meishan pigs tend to have higher disease resistance than commercial breeds, although more studies are needed to confirm this difference. This study compared intestinal...
Meishan pigs tend to have higher disease resistance than commercial breeds, although more studies are needed to confirm this difference. This study compared intestinal barrier function between Meishan and crossbred neonatal piglets to provide guidance for both the breeding and nutritional regulation of pigs. Six Meishan piglets and 6 Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) crossbred neonatal piglets (all with normal birth weights) were obtained and allocated into the MEIS and CROSS groups, respectively. Intestinal morphology, goblet cell numbers, antioxidant enzyme activity, and cytokine gene and tight junction protein expression were assessed. The results showed that BW was lower in the MEIS group than in the CROSS group (P < 0.01). The relative lengths of the duodenum (P < 0.05), jejunum (P < 0.01) and ileum (P < 0.01) in the MEIS group were higher than those in the CROSS group. Compared with the CROSS group, the MEIS group exhibited shorter villus lengths in the duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.01), a shallower crypt depth in the ileum (P < 0.001) and denser and longer microvilli in the intestine. The numbers of GCs in the duodenum (P < 0.01) and jejunum (P < 0.001) and the activity levels of glutathione peroxidase (P < 0.05) in the jejunum and of catalase (P < 0.01) and superoxide dismutase (P < 0.01) in the ileum were higher in the MEIS group than in the CROSS group. Compared with the CROSS group, the MEIS group exhibited higher gene expression levels of interleukin (IL) 4 and interferon γ (IFNγ) in the jejunum (P < 0.05); IL2 (P < 0.05), IL4 (P < 0.01) and IFNγ (P < 0.001) in the ileum; and mucin 2 (P < 0.01) and occludin (P < 0.05) in the duodenum. In conclusion, Meishan neonatal piglets showed lower birth weights but higher intestinal barrier function than crossbred piglets.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Ileum; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Swine; Animals, Newborn; Breeding; Intestinal Barrier Function
PubMed: 33516037
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100037 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Feb 2021The arterial supply of the cat jejunum was studied by gross dissection and polyurethane corrosion cast. The results showed that the jejunal arteries, which originate...
The arterial supply of the cat jejunum was studied by gross dissection and polyurethane corrosion cast. The results showed that the jejunal arteries, which originate from the cranial mesenteric artery, varied from 5 to 15 in number. Their number was independent of the length of the cranial mesenteric artery as well as of the length of the jejunum. These arteries divided into branches giving rise to a series of orders of division from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 7. The last orders of division terminated in a series of anastomosing arcades which resulted in a marginal artery coursing only a few millimeters from the mesenteric margin of the jejunum. This artery gave rise to straight arteries (vasa recta), whose mean number was 450 ± 60. According to their length, the vasa recta can be differentiated into short (vasa brevia) and long (vasa longa) branches. The vasa brevia ended branching into the mesenteric side of the jejunum whereas the vasa longa coursed beneath the serosa on the lateral jejunal surfaces, and reached the antimesenteric border. During their course, the vasa recta ramified and anastomosed with each other. Numerous antimesenteric anastomoses between opposing vasa longa were also observed. Based on the literature consulted, due to the large number of vasa recta (approximately one vessel per 2.9 mm of jejunal length) and the rich anastomotic network, the cat jejunum might have a better intramural distribution of blood flow and would seem less predisposed to ischemic phenomena than that of other mammals.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Jejunum; Mesenteric Arteries
PubMed: 32396681
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24421 -
Pathologica Feb 2021Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine are some of the most frequently occurring along the gastrointestinal tract, even though their incidence is extremely... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine are some of the most frequently occurring along the gastrointestinal tract, even though their incidence is extremely variable according to specific sites. Jejunal-ileal neuroendocrine neoplasms account for about 27% of gastrointestinal NETs making them the second most frequent NET type. The aim of this review is to classify all tumors following the WHO 2019 classification and to describe their pathologic differences and peculiarities.
Topics: Duodenum; Humans; Ileum; Jejunum; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Pancreatic Neoplasms
PubMed: 33686306
DOI: 10.32074/1591-951X-228 -
Poultry Science Mar 2022The protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of sodium selenite (SS) and selenomethionine (SM) against chronic oxidative stress-induced duodenum and...
Effects of different selenium sources on duodenum and jejunum tight junction network and growth performance of broilers in a model of fluorine-induced chronic oxidative stress.
The protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of sodium selenite (SS) and selenomethionine (SM) against chronic oxidative stress-induced duodenum and jejunum tight junction (TJ) network disturbance and growth inhibition of broilers were investigated in the current experiment. At the age of 1 d, 720 Lingnan Yellow broiler chicks were allocated to 4 experimental diets (with 6 replicates per diet and 30 birds per replicate) and offered either a control diet (fluorine [F] 23 mg/kg, control [CoN] group) or test diets (800 mg/kg F, high F [HF] group; 800 mg/kg F+0.15 mg selenium [Se]/kg as SS [SS group] or SM [SM group]) for 56 d. The results showed that HF group could induce chronic oxidative stress and subsequently increased (P < 0.05) proinflammatory cytokines levels of duodenum and jejunum in comparison with the CoN group. Increased proinflammatory cytokines levels of HF group promoted myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) transcription, thus leading to a decrease (P < 0.05) in TJ proteins expression of duodenum and jejunum when compared with the CoN group. A reduction of TJ proteins expression destroyed the TJ structures in the HF group, which in turn increased intestinal mucosal permeability of duodenum and jejunum and ultimately induced growth inhibition of broilers. Dietary Se supplementation could ameliorate HF-induced duodenum and jejunum TJ network impairment and growth retardation of broilers, potentially by increasing (P < 0.05) the glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase activities, reducing (P < 0.05) the reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, regulating the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and mediating the transcription level of MLCK in the duodenum and jejunum. Additionally, our data also suggested that the protective effects of SM were superior to those of SS. This study will provide a theoretical basis for developing SM into an efficient protective agent for intestinal mucosal barrier in poultry.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Chickens; Diet; Dietary Supplements; Duodenum; Fluorine; Jejunum; Oxidative Stress; Selenium; Tight Junctions
PubMed: 35066382
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101664