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PloS One 2019The frequency of postoperative complications is used as an indicator of surgical quality; however, comparison of outcomes is hampered by a lack of agreement on the...
BACKGROUND
The frequency of postoperative complications is used as an indicator of surgical quality; however, comparison of outcomes is hampered by a lack of agreement on the definition of complications and their severity. A standard grading system for surgical complications is necessary to improve the quality of clinical research and reporting in head and neck reconstruction.
METHODS
The aim of this study was to compare postoperative morbidity after microvascular head and neck reconstruction between patients with versus without a history of prior radiation therapy (RT) by using the Clavien-Dindo classification. A group of 274 patients was divided into two cohorts based on the history of prior RT: the RT group included 79 patients and the non-RT group included 195 patients. Postoperative (30-day) complications were compared between the groups with a nonstandardized evaluation system and the Clavien-Dindo classification.
RESULTS
The grades of complications according to the Clavien-Dindo classification were significantly higher in the RT group than in the non-RT group. The frequency of postoperative complications did not differ significantly between the groups according to the nonstandardized evaluation system.
CONCLUSIONS
The Clavien-Dindo classification could serve as a useful, highly objective tool for grading operative morbidity after microvascular head and neck reconstruction when comparing similar defects and methods of reconstruction. Widespread use of the Clavien-Dindo classification system would allow adequate comparisons of surgical outcomes among different surgeons, centers, and therapies.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Female; General Surgery; Humans; Jejunum; Laryngectomy; Larynx; Male; Middle Aged; Pharyngectomy; Pharynx; Postoperative Complications; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 31513680
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222570 -
Der Pathologe May 2014Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the distal jejunum and ileum derive from serotonin-producing enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Due to their low proliferation rate and their... (Review)
Review
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) of the distal jejunum and ileum derive from serotonin-producing enterochromaffin (EC) cells. Due to their low proliferation rate and their infiltrative growth, they are often discovered at an advanced disease stage when metastasis has already occurred. The biology of these tumours is different from other NEN of the digestive tract. In order to standardise and improve diagnosis and therapy, the guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical management of jejuno-ileal NEN as well as for the management of patients with liver and other distant metastases from NEN were revised by the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) in 2012. This review focuses on aspects relevant for surgical pathology.
Topics: Cell Proliferation; Diagnosis, Differential; Disease Progression; Enterochromaffin Cells; Humans; Ileal Neoplasms; Ileum; Jejunal Neoplasms; Jejunum; Neuroendocrine Tumors; Practice Guidelines as Topic; Receptors, Somatostatin
PubMed: 24671468
DOI: 10.1007/s00292-013-1888-5 -
Toxins Jan 2022Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by fungal species-mainly in maize, one of the plants most commonly used for food and feed. Pigs and horses are the...
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a widespread mycotoxin produced by fungal species-mainly in maize, one of the plants most commonly used for food and feed. Pigs and horses are the animal species most susceptible to this mycotoxin. FB1 exposure can cause highly diverse clinical symptoms, including hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and intestinal barrier function disturbance. Inhibition of ceramide synthetase is a well-understood ubiquitous molecular mechanism of FB1 toxicity, but other more tissue-specific effects remain to be elucidated. To investigate the effects of FB1 in different exposed tissues, we cross-analyzed the transcriptomes of fours organs: liver, jejunum, jejunal Peyer's patches, and spleen. During a four-week study period, pigs were fed a control diet or a FB1-contaminated diet (10 mg/kg feed). In response to oral FB1 exposure, we observed common biological processes in the four organs, including predominant and recurrent processes (extracellular matrix organization, integrin activation, granulocyte chemotaxis, neutrophil migration, and lipid and sterol homeostasis), as well as more tissue-specific processes that appeared to be related to lipid outcomes (cell cycle regulation in jejunum, and gluconeogenesis in liver).
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animals; Fumonisins; Gene Expression Regulation; Genome-Wide Association Study; Jejunum; Liver; Peyer's Patches; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35202111
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14020083 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Feb 2021The arterial supply of the cat jejunum was studied by gross dissection and polyurethane corrosion cast. The results showed that the jejunal arteries, which originate...
The arterial supply of the cat jejunum was studied by gross dissection and polyurethane corrosion cast. The results showed that the jejunal arteries, which originate from the cranial mesenteric artery, varied from 5 to 15 in number. Their number was independent of the length of the cranial mesenteric artery as well as of the length of the jejunum. These arteries divided into branches giving rise to a series of orders of division from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 7. The last orders of division terminated in a series of anastomosing arcades which resulted in a marginal artery coursing only a few millimeters from the mesenteric margin of the jejunum. This artery gave rise to straight arteries (vasa recta), whose mean number was 450 ± 60. According to their length, the vasa recta can be differentiated into short (vasa brevia) and long (vasa longa) branches. The vasa brevia ended branching into the mesenteric side of the jejunum whereas the vasa longa coursed beneath the serosa on the lateral jejunal surfaces, and reached the antimesenteric border. During their course, the vasa recta ramified and anastomosed with each other. Numerous antimesenteric anastomoses between opposing vasa longa were also observed. Based on the literature consulted, due to the large number of vasa recta (approximately one vessel per 2.9 mm of jejunal length) and the rich anastomotic network, the cat jejunum might have a better intramural distribution of blood flow and would seem less predisposed to ischemic phenomena than that of other mammals.
Topics: Animals; Cats; Jejunum; Mesenteric Arteries
PubMed: 32396681
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24421 -
Physiological Reports Aug 2021Ionizing radiation causes dramatic change in the transport and barrier functions of the intestine. The degree of radiation damage rate depends primarily on the absorbed...
Ionizing radiation causes dramatic change in the transport and barrier functions of the intestine. The degree of radiation damage rate depends primarily on the absorbed dose and post-irradiation time. Variety of experimental protocols providing different time points and doses exist, with the lack of a common approach. In this study, to develop a unified convenient experimental scheme, dose and time dependence of barrier and transport properties of rat jejunum following ionizing radiation exposure were examined. Male Wistar rats were exposed to total body X-ray irradiation (2, 5, or 10 Gy). The control group was subjected to sham irradiation procedure. Samples of rat jejunum were obtained at 24, 48, or 72 h post-irradiation. Transepithelial resistance, short circuit current (I ), and paracellular permeability for sodium fluorescein of jejunum samples were measured in an Ussing chamber; a histological examination was also performed. These parameters were significantly disturbed only 72 h after irradiation at a dose of 10 Gy, which was accompanied by loss of crypt and villi, inflammatory infiltrations, and disintegration of enterocytes. This suggests that found experimental point (72 h after 10 Gy exposure) is the most appropriate for future study using rat jejunum as a model.
Topics: Animals; Dose-Response Relationship, Radiation; Fluorescein; Intestinal Mucosa; Jejunum; Male; Permeability; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Time Factors; X-Rays
PubMed: 34337895
DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14960 -
European Journal of Histochemistry : EJH Nov 2021Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic neuronal protein and its structural alterations play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such...
Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is a presynaptic neuronal protein and its structural alterations play an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been originally described in the brain and aggregated α-syn has also been found in the peripheral nerves including the enteric nervous system (ENS) of PD patients. ENS is a network of neurons and glia found in the gut wall which controls gastrointestinal function independently from the central nervous system. Moreover, two types of epithelial cells are crucial in the creation of an interface between the lumen and the ENS: they are the tuft cells and the enteroendocrine cells (EECs). In addition, the abundant enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the intestinal mucosa play a key role in controlling the intestinal epithelial barrier. Our aim was to localize and characterize the presence of α-syn in the normal human jejunal wall. Surgical specimens of proximal jejunum were collected from patients submitted to pancreaticoduodenectomy and intestinal sections underwent immunohistochemical procedure. Alpha-syn has been found both at the level of ENS and the epithelial cells. To characterize α-syn immunoreactive epithelial cells, we used markers such as choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), useful for the identification of tuft cells. Then we evaluated the co-presence of α-syn with serotonin (5-HT), expressed in EECs. Finally, we used the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75NTR), to detect peripheral EGCs. The presence of α-syn has been demonstrated in EECs, but not in the tuft cells. Additionally, p75NTR has been highlighted in EECs of the mucosal layer and co-localized with α-syn in EECs but not with ChAT-positive cells. These findings suggest that α-syn could play a possible role in synaptic transmission of the ENS and may contribute to maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier of the small intestine through EECs.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Enteric Nervous System; Female; Humans; Jejunum; Male; Middle Aged; Neuroendocrine Cells; alpha-Synuclein
PubMed: 34726359
DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3310 -
BMC Veterinary Research Jun 2024ATPase activity and the antioxidant function of intestinal tissue can reflect intestinal cell metabolic activity and oxidative damage, which might be related to...
Relationship between jejunum ATPase activity and antioxidant function on the growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and jejunum microbiota in Hu sheep (Ovis aries).
BACKGROUND
ATPase activity and the antioxidant function of intestinal tissue can reflect intestinal cell metabolic activity and oxidative damage, which might be related to intestinal function. However, the specific influence of intestinal ATPase activity and antioxidant function on growth performance, feed conversion efficiency, and the intestinal microbiota in sheep remains unclear.
RESULTS
This study analyzed the correlation between ATPase activity and antioxidant function in the jejunum of 92 Hu sheep and their growth performance and feed conversion efficiency. Additionally, individuals with the highest (H group) and lowest (L group) jejunum MDA content and Na K-ATPase activity were further screened, and the effects of jejunum ATPase activity and MDA content on the morphology and microbial community of sheep intestines were analyzed. There was a significant correlation between jejunum ATPase and SOD activity and the initial weight of Hu sheep (P < 0.01). The H-MDA group exhibited significantly higher average daily gain (ADG) from 0 to 80 days old and higher body weight (BW) after 80 days. ATPase and SOD activities, and MDA levels correlated significantly and positively with heart weight. The jejunum crypt depth and circular muscle thickness in the H-ATP group were significantly higher than in the L-ATP group, and the villus length, crypt depth, and longitudinal muscle thickness in the H-MDA group were significantly higher than in the L-MDA group (P < 0.01). High ATPase activity and MDA content significantly reduced the jejunum microbial diversity, as indicated by the Chao1 index and observed species, and affected the relative abundance of specific taxa. Among species, the relative abundance of Olsenella umbonata was significantly higher in the H-MDA group than in the L-MDA group (P < 0.05), while Methanobrevibacter ruminantium abundance was significantly lower than in the L-MDA group (P < 0.05). In vitro culture experiments confirmed that MDA promoted the proliferation of Olsenella umbonata. Thus, ATPase and SOD activities in the jejunum tissues of Hu sheep are predominantly influenced by congenital factors, and lambs with higher birth weights exhibit lower Na K-ATPase, Ca Mg-ATPase, and SOD activities.
CONCLUSIONS
The ATPase activity and antioxidant performance of intestinal tissue are closely related to growth performance, heart development, and intestinal tissue morphology. High ATPase activity and MDA content reduced the microbial diversity of intestinal tissue and affect the relative abundance of specific taxa, representing a potential interaction between the host and its intestinal microbiota.
Topics: Animals; Jejunum; Antioxidants; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Adenosine Triphosphatases; Sheep; Male; Malondialdehyde; Superoxide Dismutase
PubMed: 38831422
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04100-0 -
Veterinary Microbiology May 2012IPEC-J2 cells are porcine intestinal columnar epithelial cells that were isolated from neonatal piglet mid-jejunum. This cell line forms polarized monolayers with high... (Review)
Review
IPEC-J2 cells are porcine intestinal columnar epithelial cells that were isolated from neonatal piglet mid-jejunum. This cell line forms polarized monolayers with high transepithelial electrical resistance when cultured on 0.4 μm pore-size filters. The cell line is unique in that it is derived from small intestinal tissue (compared to the common human colon-derived lines HT-29, T84, and Caco-2) and is not transformed (compared to the porcine small intestinal line, IPI-2I). Porcine intestinal epithelial cells more closely mimic human physiology than analogous rodent cell lines (e.g. IEC-6 or IEC-18), which is important in studies of zoonotic infections; in addition, they provide specificity to study porcine-derived infections. IPEC-J2 cells are increasingly being used in microbiological studies to examine the interactions of various animal and human pathogens, including Salmonella enterica and pathogenic Escherichia coli, with intestinal epithelial cells. The IPEC-J2 cell line has also been employed in some probiotic studies, in which the cells have been used as an initial screening tool for adhesiveness and anti-inflammatory properties of the potential probiotic microorganisms. The validity of these studies is not clear as follow-up studies to assess the efficacy of the probiotics in vivo have not been published to date. The aims of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the microbiological studies that have been conducted with IPEC-J2 cells and a reference guide of key cellular and immune markers that have been identified in this cell line that may prove to be useful in future studies.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line; Epithelial Cells; Escherichia coli; Jejunum; Probiotics; Salmonella enterica; Sus scrofa
PubMed: 22074860
DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.10.017 -
Cell and Tissue Research Jan 2020Recent studies reveal substantial species and regional differences in enteroendocrine cell (EEC) populations, including differences in patterns of hormone coexpression,...
Recent studies reveal substantial species and regional differences in enteroendocrine cell (EEC) populations, including differences in patterns of hormone coexpression, which limit extrapolation between animal models and human. In this study, jejunal samples, with no histologically identifiable pathology, from patients undergoing Whipple's procedure were investigated for the presence of gastrointestinal hormones using double- and triple-labelling immunohistochemistry and high-resolution confocal microscopy. Ten hormones (5-HT, CCK, secretin, proglucagon-derived peptides, PYY, GIP, somatostatin, neurotensin, ghrelin and motilin) were localised in EEC of the human jejunum. If only single staining is considered, the most numerous EEC were those containing 5-HT, CCK, ghrelin, GIP, motilin, secretin and proglucagon-derived peptides. All hormones had some degree of colocalisation with other hormones. This included a population of EEC in which GIP, CCK and proglucagon-derived peptides are costored, and four 5-HT cell populations, 5-HT/GIP, 5-HT/ghrelin, 5-HT/PYY, and 5-HT/secretin cell groups, and a high degree of overlap between motilin and ghrelin. The presence of 5-HT in many secretin cells is consistent across species, whereas lack of 5-HT and CCK colocalisation distinguishes human from mouse. It seems likely that the different subclasses of 5-HT cells subserve different roles. At a subcellular level, we examined the vesicular localisation of secretin and 5-HT, and found these to be separately stored. We conclude that hormone-containing cells in the human jejunum do not comply with a one-cell, one-hormone classification and that colocalisations of hormones are likely to define subtypes of EEC that have different roles.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Cell Count; Enteroendocrine Cells; Female; Gastrointestinal Hormones; Humans; Jejunum; Male; Serotonin
PubMed: 31478137
DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03099-3 -
African Journal of Paediatric Surgery :... 2017We report an extremely rare finding 'congenital absence of jejunum and ileum' during explorative laparotomy of a 16-day-old female neonate. The dilated duodenum was... (Review)
Review
We report an extremely rare finding 'congenital absence of jejunum and ileum' during explorative laparotomy of a 16-day-old female neonate. The dilated duodenum was terminating blindly, and the next segment of intestine was a peanut-sized cecum followed by microcolon. On an extensive survey of literature this type of intestinal atresia is not reported in living babies.
Topics: Female; Humans; Ileum; Infant, Newborn; Intestinal Atresia; Jejunum
PubMed: 29557352
DOI: 10.4103/ajps.AJPS_63_16